HbA1c is the designation for the glycosylated form of hemoglobin. Normal levels of glycosylated hemoglobin represent about 5% of the total.
Macrocytic anemia is caused by a deficiency in folate (folic acid), which is the vitamin component of tetrahydrofolate, THF.
The Golgi complex is prominent in glandular cells and is thought to function in the production, concentration packaging, and transportation of secretory material.
Muscle resistance to insulin is the most important additive factor for these three conditions in the development of Type II diabetes.
Progressive loss of skeletal muscle sensitivity to insulin leads to increased rates of visceral cell lipolysis and pancreatic betA-cell compensation.
Heparin acts as an anticoagulant because it accelerates the action of antithrombin III to inhibit thrombin activity.
The anterior spinal artery is a small branch, which arises near the termination of the vertebral, and, descending in front of the medulla oblongata, unites with its fellow of the opposite side at the level of the foramen magnum.
Orthostatic hypertension is not a common risk factor for CVA/stroke.
The common risk factors for CVA / stroke include diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart disease.
The pituitary gonadotrophs are cells that secrete the gonadotrophic peptide hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and leutinizing hormone (LH).
In active transport, materials enter the cell in membrane-bound vesicles that are formed by the membrane.
This process is generally known as endocytosis and is of two types. Endocytosis of solid material and liquid materials is called phagocytosis and pinocytosis respectively.
Mycocardium or middle layer of the heart consists of cardiac muscle. The heart is a highly specialized pumping organ composed of the following layers
Endocardium (lining coat; epithelium) Myocardium (middle coat; cardiac muscle), and Epicardium (external coat or visceral layer of pericardium; epithelium).
Metoprolol is not a calcium channel blocker; it is a beta channel antagonist.
