In addition to being primarily brought on by cigarette smoking, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can also cause emphysema by promoting unopposed protease activity and damaging alveolar tissue.
Granular casts in the urine are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN), which is caused by the sloughing off of necrotic renal tubular epithelial cells.
The invasion of mononuclear cells, especially macrophages and lymphocytes, including plasma cells, is a hallmark of chronic inflammation.
Skip lesions, or sections of damaged intestine dotted with segments of healthy bowel, are representative of Crohn's disease.
The most prevalent kind of kidney stone is calcium oxalate, which usually develops as a result of elevated calcium or oxalate levels in the urine.
Neurofibrillary tangles, intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.
Because of their unusual form and higher adhesiveness, sickled red blood cells stand out in a blood smear during a vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia.
Cervical cancer growth is highly correlated with HPV infection, especially with high-risk strains like HPV-16 and HPV-18.
Hürthle cells, which are larger follicular cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, are indicative of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
The main cause of rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of the synovium, which can result in synovial hyperplasia and the eventual decomposition of bone and cartilage.
Insulin insufficiency is the outcome of the autoimmune death of pancreatic beta cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
