Koplik's spots are small blue-white spots visible on the oral mucosa and are characteristic of measles infection. Option B: The body rash typically begins on the face and travels downward. Option C: High fever is often present. Option D: "Teardrop on a rose petal" refers to the lesions found in varicella (chickenpox).
A check for scoliosis, a lateral deviation of the spine, is an important part of the routine adolescent exam. It is assessed by having the teen bend at the waist with arms dangling, while observing for lateral curvature and uneven rib level. Scoliosis is more common in female adolescents. Options A, B, and C are not part of the routine adolescent exam.
The profile of a parent at risk of abusive behavior includes a tendency to blame the child or others for the injury sustained. Options A, B, and D: These parents also have a high incidence of low self-esteem, unemployment, unstable financial situation, and single status.
A patient with Addison’s disease requires normal dietary sodium to prevent excess fluid loss. Adequate caloric intake is recommended with a diet high in protein and complex carbohydrates, including grains.
Hepatitis A is the only type that is transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated food. Options A, C, and D: Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted through infected bodily fluids.
Patients with the peripheral vascular disease often sustain nerve damage as a result of inadequate tissue perfusion. Option B: Fluid overload is not characteristic of PVD. Option C: There is nothing to indicate a psychiatric disturbance in the patient. Option D: Skin changes in PVD are secondary to decreased tissue perfusion rather than primary inflammation.
A platelet count of 25,000/microliter is severely thrombocytopenic and should prompt the initiation of bleeding precautions, including monitoring urine and stool for evidence of bleeding. Options A and B: Monitoring for fever and requiring protective clothing are indicated to prevent infection if white blood cells are decreased. Option C: Transfusion of red cells is indicated for severe anemia.
Patients with peripheral vascular disease should avoid crossing the legs because this can impede blood flow. Option A: Walking barefoot is not advised, as foot protection is important to avoid trauma that may lead to serious infection. Option B: Heating pads can cause injury, which can also increase the risk of infection. Option D: Skin lesions at risk for infection should be examined and treated by a physician.
Typical symptoms of pulmonary embolism include chest pain, shortness of breath, and severe anxiety. The physician should be notified immediately. Options A and C: A patient with pulmonary embolism will not be sleepy or have a cough with crackles on the exam. Option D: A patient with fever, chills, and loss of appetite may be developing pneumonia.
Although theories cannot be tested directly, hypotheses provide a bridge between theory and the real world. It is the research question that represents the main idea to be studied (A). Theories cannot be tested directly (C). The research question is also called the problem statement (D).
The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher and has a presumed effect on the dependent variable. It is the dependent variable that is predicted to change (A). The independent variable is presumed to change the dependent variable (B). The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher and is identified at the beginning of the study (D).
Hypotheses are statements about the relationships between two or more variables that suggest an answer to the research question. Hypotheses are not concerned with operationally defining the variables involved in the study (A). The independent variable is not affected or changed by the dependent variable (C). Hypotheses are not concerned with operationally defining the variables involved in the study, including treatments or interventions (D).
A hypothesis implies a causative or associative relationship. A hypothesis guides the research design and collection of data (A). Operational definitions are not included in the hypothesis (B). The hypothesis indicates the dependent variable (C).
The hypothesis is developed after development of the research question.
This hypothesis meets the criteria of testability.
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NCLEX-RN Test #16
