Explanation:
Dexamethasone can cause Jen's blood glucose to rise. All glucocorticoids have been shown to raise blood glucose levels.
While Jen is being treated with dexamethasone, blood glucose levels must be checked.
Reference:
S. Inzucchi, R. Bergenstal, J. Buse, and others. A patient-centered method to managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes Care, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1364–79, 2012.
Explanation:
When given at a greater dose and for a longer period of time than 3 months, metoclopramide can develop tardive dyskinesia.
Metoclopramide comes with a Boxed Warning for tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia is a terrible, irreversible movement
disorder. The risk rises as the treatment continues and the total cumulative dose rises. Metoclopramide should be stopped
if indications or symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear. There is presently no recognized treatment for it, although if
metoclopramide is withdrawn, symptoms may reduce or disappear. Unless the advantages outweigh the dangers of
developing tardive dyskinesia, treatment should be limited to 12 weeks.
Reference:
Package insert for metoclopramide hydrochloride tablets. Mylan Institutional Inc., Rockford, IL, Oct. 2016.
Explanation:
Dexamethasone has been linked to psychiatric problems. Pre-existing psychiatric problems may be exacerbated
by corticosteroids.
Rference:
Current Psychiatry. 2006 June;5(6):43-50. Cerullo MA, Corticosteroid-induced mania: Prepare for the Unpredictable.
Explanation:
For constipation, Jen should take docusate sodium/Senna and ondansetron for N/V. Dexamethasone has an off-label usage
for N/V that is related with chemotherapy. It's primarily utilized as an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive medication.
Hyperglycemia is not caused by hydromorphone. Nausea, vomiting, and constipation are the most prevalent opioid side effects.
Reference:
Package insert for Dilaudid and Dilaudid HP (hydromorphone) injections. Purdue Pharma L.P., Stamford, CT; 2016 Oct.
Explanation:
Celexa prolongs the QT interval in a dose-dependent manner, which can result in Torsades de Pointes, ventricular
tachycardia, and sudden death. Celexa is not recommended for use at doses more than 40 mg per day since it has
a very long QT interval and provides no further benefit. Patients who have persistent QTc measures greater than
500 ms should stop using Celexa. QT prolongation can be caused by ondansetron and famotidine. Ondansetron
has been linked to QT prolongation. This would, however, be dose-dependent. Ondansetron IV doses more than
16 mg are no longer recommended due to a higher risk of QT prolongation. Famotidine has been shown to extend
the QT interval in patients with renal impairment. Torsade de pointes has been reported as well.
Because all three drugs have the ability to lengthen the QT interval, they may cause cardiac arrhythmia.
As a result, close monitoring or the withdrawal of one medicine is recommended. This warning/precaution does not
apply to the other drugs listed.
Reference:
I. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide) Recommendations Revised due to a potential risk of irregular heart rhythms at high doses. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm297391.htm On the 17th of January, 2017,
Drug-induced QT interval prolongation: causes and clinical management, II. Nachimuthu S, Assar MD, et al. doi: 10.1177/2042098612454283. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2012 Oct; 3(5): 241–253.
Explanation:
Metformin may reduce vitamin B12 absorption, especially in people who are deficient in either vitamin B12 or calcium
absorption. Vitamin B12 deficiency can be corrected by stopping therapy or taking supplements. With long-term
medication, serum vitamin B12 concentrations should be checked on a regular basis.
Reference:
Package insert for Glucophage and Glucophage XR (metformin HCl tablets and extended-release tablets).
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ; 2015 Jun
Explanation:
Metformin is not prescribed to people with impaired renal function because of the risk of lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis,
a rare but significant metabolic condition, is a boxed warning for metformin. Metformin buildup (5 mcg/mL or more)
can lead to lactic acidosis. In around half of the instances, it is fatal. Lactic acidosis has also been seen in diabetic patients
with severe renal function impairment. Lactic acidosis occurs when blood lactate levels are 5 mmol/L or more, blood pH
is lower, electrolyte disturbances with an increased anion gap, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio is higher. Lactic acid
concentration of 2.0 mmol/L is considered normal.
Reference:
The Phantom of Lactic Acidosis Caused by Metformin in Diabetes Patients, by RI Misbin. Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. 7,
July 2004, pp. 1791-1793. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.7.1791. Accessed on October of 2016
Explanation:
Lisinopril may cause potassium levels to rise. Hyperkalemia is one of the side effects of lisinopril. ACE inhibitors
prevent the synthesis of circulating angiotensin II, which might result in a decrease in aldosterone secretion and a rise in
potassium levels. Renal impairment, diabetes, and the use of potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, and/or
potassium-containing salts all increase the risk of hyperkalemia while taking lisinopril. When taking any of the other medications
indicated, potassium should be properly checked. The warnings/precautions section for the other drugs does not include
hyperkalemia.
Explanation:
1mEq NaCl= 58.5 ; Valence = 1.
mg = mEq x molecular weight / valence.
mg = 51.3mEq x 58.5mg / 1 = 3001.05mg = 3g.
23.4 g/100ml = 3g/Xml
X = 12.825mL
Explanation:
0.05 (1000 mL) = 50 g
1000 mL x (1 hour/125 mL) = 8 hours
50x 3 = 150 g
Explanation:
Lidocaine: 30g x 0.05 = 1.5g.
Hydrocortisone: 90g x 0.005 = 0.45g.
90g+30g = 120g.
1.5g/120g = 0.0125 x100 = 1.25% Lidocaine.
0.45g/120g = 0.00375 x 100 = 0.375% Hydrocortisone.
Explanation:
125 lb =56Kg, 56Kg x [18 units/ 1 kg] = 1022.72 units/hr,
1022.72 units x [1 mL/50 units] = 20.45 mL/hr
Explanation:
ATP4 discovered that statins are widely and consistently used to prevent ASCVD. Statin therapy is suggested for patients
who are at a higher risk of ASCVD and are most likely to see a net benefit in terms of risk reduction vs. potential side effects.
In terms of their potential for side effects, non-statin treatments do not give sufficient benefits in reducing ASCVD risk.
Reference:
2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults,
Stone N, Robinson J, Lichtenstein A, et al. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a. Circulation. 2013;129(25 suppl 2):S1-S45.
Explanation:
MRSA is covered by ceftaroline, whereas pseudomonas is not. Pseudomonas is not covered by ertapenem. MRSA and
Pseudomonas are not covered by cefazolin. Pseudomonas is covered by cefepime. Vancomycin is not effective against
gram-negative bacteria.
Reference:
The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, by Gilbert D., was published in 2014. Antimicrobial Therapy, Sperryville, Virginia, 2014.
Explanation:
50gm/100ml X 1equiv/120.4gm X 1000meq/ 1equiv = 4.16meq/ml
Explanation:
SG= weight/mL, 1.27 = X/1000ml
X = 1270gm
Explanation:
Oral estrogens, glucocorticoids, bile acid sequestrants, protease inhibitors, retinoic acid, anabolic steroids, sirolimus,
raloxifene, tamoxifen, beta blockers (not carvedilol), and thiazides are all drugs that might raise triglycerides.
Reference:
Stone, N., Robinson, J., Lichtenstein, A., et al. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
published a guideline in 2013 for the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk
in adults. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a. Circulation. 2013;129(25 suppl 2):S1-S45.
Explanation:
40mEq X 1 equiv/1000mEq X 74.5g/1 equiv = 2.98 gm of KCl in 100ml.
Calculate: mOsm/L.
2.98g/100ml X 1 mol/74.5g x 2Osm/1 mol X 1000mOsm/1 Osm X 1000ml/1L = 800mOsm/L
Explanation:
Ordinal (ordered categories) and nominal data are examples of categorical data (unordered categories). Because the
categories for the answer choices are in order, NYHA classes I, II, III, and IV, as well as the grade of breast cancer, are
considered ordinal data. Breast cancers are also graded, with grades 1, 2, and 3 being the most common. Improvemnet,
Sex, Because the answer choices are female or male and have no established sequence, Yes/No, .
Explanation:
Diuretics, cyclosporine, glucocorticoids, and amiodarone can all cause an increase in LDL levels.
Reference:
2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular
Risk in Adults, Stone N, Robinson J, Lichtenstein A, et al. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a
Circulation. 2013; 129(25 suppl 2):S1-S45.
Explanation:
Because SGLT2 inhibitors prevent glucose from being reabsorbed in the kidneys, they produce more frequent urine.
Because increased urine can modify hydration status, blood pressure, blood glucose, and renal function, all of the
options are monitoring requirements (from the mechanism of the drug).
Reference:
Garber AJ, et al. 2016 Executive Summary of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American
College of Endocrinology Consensus Statement on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm.
84-113 in Endocr Pract. 2016; 22(1).
Explanation:
The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin reduces glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Linagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that
increases insulin secretion and decreases glucagon secretion via acting on incretins. Pioglitazone is an insulin-sensitizing
drug (TZD) that improves insulin sensitivity. Exenatide is a GLP-1 agonist that raises insulin secretion while lowering
glucagon secretion and increasing satiety.
Reference:
American Diabetes Association. In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2016. Diabetes Care 2016;39(Suppl. 1)
Explanation:
NSAIDs (including naproxen), COX-2 inhibitors, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (for lower EF),
thiazolidinediones (including pioglitazone), cilostazol, and dronedarone should be avoided by patients with
heart failure (for severe or recently decompensated heart failure).
Reference:
Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults by the American Geriatrics
Society in 2015.2015;63(11):2227-2246 in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. doi:10.1111/jgs.13702
Explanation:
In a normal distribution sample, 68 percent of the sample falls within one standard deviation, 95 percent within two
standard deviations, and 99.7% within three standard deviations of the mean.
Explanation:
Bupropion, chlorpromazine, clozapine, maprotiline, olanzapine, thioridazine, thiothixene, and
tramadol can lower the seizure threshold.
Reference:
Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults, American Geriatrics
Society, 2015. 2015;63(11):2227-2246 in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. doi:10.1111/jgs.13702