Answer Explanation: (D)
This question, if encountered, would be difficult due to the fact that semi-periphery countries is actually a definition of a transition
state both from core to periphery and in the opposite direction. Thus, there are no real strong defining characteristics, so elimination
of answers will be needed. Strong central government more accurately defines core countries. Answers B and D describe periphery
countries. Think of semi-periphery countries as those that do not have much global influence, but are not susceptible to it either. That
should allow for the correct answer.
Answer Explanation: (C)
Opportunities and, conversely, challenges of urbanization have not drastically change since the initial explosion in the U.S. in the early
1900s. Infrastructure is widely available in cities, which leads to benefits outlined in the first three answers. However, a process called
reurbanization, which is the second wave of urbanization that follows the first decline of a city, usually targets old areas where people
who do not have the resources to move out of the city get pushed out of. This leads to substantial gentrification along these borders.
Answer Explanation: (C)
C is the answer that most closely correlate to the Marx theory. In this theory, the group that is content with the status quo is the
group in power. Answer B correlates closer to Functionalism, which states that institutions and the population exist in a balance.
Answer D describes social constructionism. Answer A is consistent with symbolic interactionism, which at its heart states that the
world is created by people interacting with it.
Answer Explanation: (B)
The key to answering this question is to know the definitions of the components of rational choice theory. Completeness in this context
means that actions can be ranked according to each other. Transitivity defines the fact that if an action is considered higher rank than a
second, and a third action is considered lesser than the second, that the first action can be considered higher than the third. The final
component, independence, defines the fact that additional variables do not change ranking. B, C, and D all place benefit to some individuals
over others that would not change depending on the individual, which is not in concordance with this theory.
Answer Explanation: (A)
Signal Detection Theory deals with the expectation of a signal and the corresponding reality that it is accurately perceived. Hit and
miss describe reactions by the observer when the stimulus is present. False alarm (false positive) and correct rejection describe reactions
by the observer when the stimulus is absent.
Answer Explanation: (B)
Gender discussions are becoming increasingly important in the field of medicine as of late. In order to appropriately address this,
these definitions have become more important. Gender is spoken of in relation to what biological sex the infant has, whereas sexual
orientation is described in relation to the individual’s identified gender.
Answer Explanation: (A)
Self-efficacy correlates most closely to a person’s sense of ability within a specific set of tasks. The four known ways to improve
self-efficacy are mastery of experience, social modeling, social persuasion, and psychological responses. Avoiding tasks, however,
is an indication of weak self-efficacy.
Answer Explanation: (B)
This question rests exclusively on the knowledge of what defines the absolute threshold of sensation, which is when 50% of the time,
the stimulus is recorded. In this question, with the information given, that would mean the power setting that would allow 15 mice to
observe the sound of the bell. Below this would be subliminal.
Answer Explanation: (B)
It is important to remember for these questions that self-efficacy refers to a specific task, whereas self-esteem refers to the respect one
has for themselves. Perfectionists, especially those who are known to be hard on themselves, often have an internal locus of control,
blaming themselves for failures.
Answer Explanation: (B)
The definitions of these terms are very close together, which make their distinctions important to know to answer questions.
In order for customs to be considered counterculture, they must go against norms of the larger area within which they are
encapsulated. For a custom to be considered a microculture, it must not be long enough to exist throughout a lifetime. Culture
lag can commonly be mixed with retained customs, but it is important to know that lag refers to practices that are outdated by
the newer form. Cheek kisses do not go against any of New York’s traditions, so it would just fall under subculture.
Answer Explanation: (A)
This question tests the concept of ego depletion. Ego depletion is the theory that self control is an exhaustible resource, and that,
in individuals who are tested on their self control, they will be less and less likely to resist temptations in sequential order. In this study,
the students who refused the cookie then had less self control to avoid using the stairs.
Answer Explanation:
This question focuses on the differences between internal and external locus of control. People with internal locus of control blame
outcomes on their personal efforts and abilities, while those with an external locus of control contributes outcomes to fate or forces
beyond their control. People with an internal locus of control tend to have more success following failures.
Answer Explanation:
Desires become temptations when they conflict with longer-term goals in order to satisfy short-term desires. A, C, and D are all
desires that improve the individual’s long term outcome. Only A sacrifices the long-term goal for the short term.
Answer Explanation: (A)
This question tests not only the knowledge of how to resist temptations, but will also be a very useful concept when dealing with patients
making lifestyle changes. Changing environment (B) is a very effective way to remove normal temptations. Likewise, operant conditioning,
whether through reinforcement (C) or punishment (D), is an effective method of retraining the brain. One of the known detrimental methods
of training is deprivation, which is the denial of a temptation without any substitute. This will lead to increased temptation.
Answer Explanation: (D)
Secure attachment is an indication of a healthy home environment. During this classic experiment, children will often explore the room
before the mother leaves, become distressed when they leave, and then will be seeking consolation upon their return. The key to identifying
insecure attachment is the inability to console the child upon the mother’s return, or avoidance of the parent upon return. These are concerning
signs of the home environment, as insecure attachment forms the basis of adult relationships in the future.
Answer Explanation: (C)
The zone of proximal development refers specifically to the area where an individual cannot do a task without help, but can perform it
if given instruction and encouragement from a skilled partner (known in Vygotsky’s terms as a “more knowledgeable other). In order to
satisfy the criteria for this area, the task must be initially unachievable, but within reach if an individual with more knowledge helps.
Answer Explanation: (D)
The quick mnemonic for remembering the clusters of personality disorders in order is Weird, Wild, and Worried. Cluster A (Weird) follows
typical people who have thoughts or beliefs about the world that seem almost mystical. Cluster B (Wild) consists of people who have
outbursts of socialization as part of their personality, whether it be in risky behaviors, emotional outbursts, or an inflated sense of self-importance.
Cluster C (Worried) are the anxiety-inducing disorders (OCD, avoidant, dependent). This young woman falls under the dependent personality
disorder type, as she actively seeks out relationships to calm her worries.
Answer Explanation: (C)
Although Freud’s theories are mostly considered outdated, they form the foundation of psychotherapy as it stands today and thus
are considered test material. Freud’s theory implicated lack of developmental stages that can manifest in adult fixations. Those stuck
in the oral stage tend to smoke or bite nails. Those stuck in the anal stage are either overly orderly or cannot keep their homes clean
(hint: remember anal people are concerned with cleanliness). The phallic stage, if impacted, manifests as sexual dysfunction. The last
two stages are considered adult stages and do not necessarily manifest with fixations if impacted.
Answer Explanation: (A)
This question comes off much like a biology question, but is actually a first-level derivative of a psychology/behavior question testing
the concept of tolerance. Long-time stimulant drug users have excessive amounts of dopamine in the synaptic cleft due to inhibition
of re-uptake. Because of this, the body responds by decreasing the amount of available receptors. This leads to tolerance, or the individual
needing more drug to maintain the same level of physiological response. A person in withdrawal likely has a high tolerance built up over
an extended period of drug use.
Answer Explanation: (A)
The quick mnemonic for remembering the clusters of personality disorders in order is Weird, Wild, and Worried. Cluster A (Weird) follows
typical people who have thoughts or beliefs about the world that seem almost mystical. Cluster B (Wild) consists of people who have
outbursts of socialization as part of their personality, whether it be in risky behaviors, emotional outbursts, or an inflated sense of self-importance.
Cluster C (Worried) are the anxiety-inducing disorders (OCD, avoidant, dependent). This man likely is exhibiting narcissistic personality disorder
(Cluster B), which is almost always given in the stem as someone who blames others for faults and demands the very best of treatment.
The correct answer is C:
Explanation:
This stage is a period of rapid cognitive growth which occurs from 0 to 2 years. The other options are later stages.
The correct answer is C:
Explanation:
The named theory states that physiological changes can have an effect on one’s emotions. Another theory, the Schachter and Singer one,
suggests that it is our?thinking about?these changes that produces emotions.
The correct answer is A:
Explanation:
Circadian rhythms are the bodily changes which follow a 24 hour cycle in response to changes in light levels.
The correct answer is C:
Explanation:
Broca’s Area is located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere and controls speech production.
The correct answer is A:
Explanation:
Explicit memory is the conscious memory of information and experiences.
