The Fourth Amendment generally requires a warrant for searches and seizures, but there are exceptions. A warrantless search of a vehicle is permissible under the "automobile exception" if the police have probable cause to believe the vehicle contains evidence of a crime. Searching a private residence typically requires a warrant, and searches of a student's belongings at school usually need consent or reasonable suspicion.
Under the UCC, a contract for the sale of goods can generally be formed without a written agreement. The essential requirements are an offer and acceptance, and consideration (something of value exchanged). Writing is only required in certain cases, such as when the contract is for the sale of goods priced at $500 or more.
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the freedom of speech, among other rights such as freedom of religion, press, assembly, and petition. The Fourth Amendment deals with search and seizure, the Fifth Amendment addresses protection against self-incrimination and due process, and the Sixth Amendment covers rights related to criminal prosecutions.
A Fee Simple Absolute is the most complete form of ownership in real property, providing the holder with full and unconditional ownership rights that can be inherited. A Life Estate provides ownership for the duration of the owner's life, a Fee Simple Defeasible is subject to certain conditions, and a Leasehold Estate grants possession for a specified period but does not convey ownership.
The hearsay rule is designed to exclude statements made out of court that are offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted, as these statements are not subject to cross-examination and may lack reliability. However, there are many exceptions to the hearsay rule where out-of-court statements may be admitted for specific purposes.
