The intermittent symptoms of this patient are most consistent with upper respiratory obstruction. The diagnosis most likely to be made is paradoxical vocal cord movements. Due to improper adduction of the vocal cords during inspiration in patients with paradoxical vocal cord motion, stridor, and respiratory discomfort ensue.
One sign of this potential diagnosis is a history of repeated visits to the ED for respiratory distress without any other obvious explanation. Exercise, among other things, can cause the symptoms to appear, and they usually go away independently. Although spirometry will show normal expiration and aberrant inspiratory function, it may be mistaken as asthma. The preferred diagnostic technique is laryngoscopy, which makes it possible to see the unusual cord movement in real-time.
During an asthma attack, confusion, bradycardia (slow heart rate), and paradoxical breathing (inward movement of the abdomen during inhalation instead of the normal outward movement) are signs of severe respiratory distress and impending respiratory arrest. These symptoms indicate that the person's airway is severely constricted, and their breathing is becoming inadequate, which can lead to a complete cessation of breathing if not promptly addressed. Immediate medical intervention is crucial in such cases to prevent respiratory arrest and potentially save the person's life.
Before a diagnosis of EOE, reflux-induced eosinophilia must be ruled out. Elevated eosinophils are another side effect of reflux. Before an EOE diagnosis, one must take high-dosage PPI for eight weeks and have a repeat biopsy. As the precise pathophysiology of EOE is unclear, (A) there is no tested method to identify if or which foods cause EOE. (B) Since the precise pathophysiology of EOE is unclear, there is no tested method to identify if or which foods cause EOE. (D) EOE needs 15 eosinophils/hpf or more. (E) Treatment for EOE has included an elimination diet in addition to using steroids.
Minimal Change Disease most likely affects this patient. Minimal Change Disease most frequently affects very young children, while it can also affect older kids and teenagers. Because no apparent signs of pathology are detectable with light microscopy alone, minimal change illness is unusual. On the visceral epithelial cells, characteristic electron microscopy observations include podocyte effacement, vacuolation, and development of microvilli. The first line of therapy should always be corticosteroids. Prednisone oral tablets should be used once every other day for the first 8 to 16 weeks (or until remission is established), after which the dosage should be decreased if proteinuria disappears or drops to a superficial level. Relapses frequently occur even after remission (only one-third of individuals experience a single episode). If it is discovered that the patient has steroid resistance (which 25% of patients have), tacrolimus, cyclosporine, or cyclophosphamide would be utilized. Patients who experience relapses often might also utilize these.
Gram-positive bacteria associated with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis can be seen in the CSF Gram stain. Gram-positive diplococci include Streptococcus pneumonia and H. influenzae, whereas Gram-negative diplococci include Neisseria meningitidis. Respiratory diseases, including Strep pneumonia, N meningitidis, and H influenzae type b, can spread from person to person by airborne droplets. Listeria monocytogenes is spread trans-placentally to fetuses and by consumption of infected foods (meats, vegetables, and cheeses have all been linked in the past). The CDC website may find a current list of contaminated items and their producers. Extreme ages (adults >50 and infants one month), pregnancy, immunosuppressed states, alcoholism, CKD, chronic liver disease, and diabetes mellitus are the only risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes. This patient would be at risk for Listeria meningitis due to her advanced age and intake of tainted food. (B) This patient does not have a history of asplenia, has not traveled to a location where meningococcal disease is endemic, and does not have complement deficiency, so immunization is unnecessary. It will not protect Listeria monocytogenes. (C) Starting at age 65, this patient should have had routine immunizations against Strep. Pneumonia. He is now 69 years old. Currently, ACIP guidelines advise conjugated Prevnar 13 followed by Pneumovax23 six to twelve months later, but this won't protect against Listeria monocytogenes. (D) Since routine vaccination against Haemophilus influenza type b was introduced in 1990, HIB meningitis has significantly decreased in children and (through herd immunity) in adults. Currently, H. influenzae type b meningitis mainly affects youngsters without vaccinations and seldom affects adults. This patient may be at risk for H. influenzae meningitis but not Listeria monocytogenes meningitis due to exposure to an unvaccinated youngster.
