According to Scientist 1, liquid water that oozes up into the craters from the subsurface and then soon freezes smooths out the craters. According to Scientist 2, the craters are eroded and smoothed when ice sublimates.
Both scientists claim that the surface is largely covered with ice, but neither mentions the existence of any other surface materials. Therefore, it is likely that both scientists would concur that a covering of ice entirely covers Europa.
According to Scientist 1, enormous rotating ice slabs make up a portion of Europa's surface. Many of the surface characteristics on Europa, according to Scientist 2, are similar to those made by Earth's flowing glaciers. Therefore, both would probably concur that ice movement is sculpting Europa's surface.
Both scientists explain how meteorite craters are removed or smoothed out on the surface. According to Scientist 1, the craters smooth out when liquid water seeps into them before immediately freezing. According to Scientist 2, the action is the result of ice being sublimated.
Hydrogen and oxygen are the main components of water vapor molecules. The disintegration of these molecules would result in the atmospheric generation of oxygen (O2).
According to Scientist 1, a second magnetic field surrounds Europa and is brought on by an interaction between Jupiter's magnetic field and the salty, deep ocean. Therefore, according to Scientist 1, the presence of dissolved salts is the cause of the second magnetic field.
Many of the surface characteristics on Europa, according to Scientist 2, are similar to those made by Earth's flowing glaciers. These characteristics include of pressure ridges, black streaks, and cracks. So, these characteristics may be present in Earth's glaciers. Scientist 2 does not, however, suggest that glaciers on Earth might contain meteorite craters.
Table 1 demonstrates that in Experiment 1, four different temperatures—20°C, 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C—were used. According to Table 2, there were four distinct tube diameters utilized in Experiment 2: 1.0 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.4 cm, and 1.6 cm. So, the temperature was changed in Experiment 1. The tube diameter was changed in Experiment 2.
All of the experiments in Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted at 20°C. Only Trial 1 of Experiment 1 was conducted at this temperature. Trial 1 must therefore factor into the solution. The identical set of parameters were employed in Trial 5 of Experiment 2 as in Trial 1: temperature of 20°C, tube diameter of 1.0 cm, and swab distance of 10 cm. The identical set of parameters were employed in Trial 9 of Experiment 3 as in Trial 1: temperature of 20°C, tube diameter of 1.0 cm, and swab distance of 10 cm.
In Experiment 3, the ring's distance from the HCl swab increased as the distance between the swabs did. The ring and the HCl swab were separated by 8.1 cm when the swabs were 20 cm apart. The ring and the HCl swab were 12.2 cm apart when the swabs were 30 cm apart. The distance between the ring and the HCl swab would have been around 10 cm, or halfway between 8.1 cm and 12.2 cm, if the swabs had been 25 cm apart.
The first experiment looked at temperature. Experiment 2 examined tube diameter. Experiment 3 examined tube length. As a result, Experiments 1-3 investigated these three criteria. The three tests did not examine atmospheric pressure.
In Study 1, maintaining seeds at a germination temperature of 18°C resulted in a higher germination rate than maintaining seeds at any of the other 3 germination temperatures. Therefore, maintaining the seeds at 18°C increases their likelihood of germinating compared to maintaining them at 13°C, 23°C, or 28°C.
In Study 2, no seeds germinated when the storage temperature was 15°C or above. Therefore, it is more likely than not that 0 or 0 near to 0 would have represented the number of seeds that would have germinated after being kept for 30 days.
Four germination temperatures—13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C—were applied in Study 2. There were 16, 23, 21, and 1 seeds that germinated at each of these 4 temperatures, correspondingly. Therefore, the number of seeds that germinated initially increased (from 16 to 23) and subsequently declined as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 28°C (from 23 to 21 and from 21 to 1).
All of the seeds in Study 1 were kept in storage at 5 °C. In Study 2, every seed was kept in storage for ten weeks. The seeds must have been kept at 5°C for 10 weeks after being subjected to the same circumstances in Studies 1 and 2.
Five storage periods—0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks—were used in Study 1. One storage duration of 10 weeks was used in Study 2. Therefore, storage time was kept constant in Study 2. Study 1 altered the storage period.
