"External Failure Cost" is a term used in quality management and cost accounting. It refers to the costs incurred by an organization due to defects, errors, or quality issues that are not detected and corrected before the product or service is delivered to the customer. These costs arise when defects or quality problems are identified after the product has reached the customer.
"Internal Failure Cost" is a concept in quality management that refers to the costs incurred when defects or quality issues are identified and corrected within the organization's processes before the product reaches the customer. These costs are associated with identifying and addressing problems during production, preventing the defective product from being delivered to customers.
"Appraisal Cost" is a term used in the context of quality management and cost accounting. It refers to the cost incurred by an organization to assess, measure, and evaluate processes and their outputs to ensure that products or services meet the required quality standards. The goal of incurring appraisal costs is to identify and address defects or errors before they reach the customer.
"System Testing" is a phase of software testing that focuses on testing the entire software system as a complete entity to ensure that it meets its specified requirements and functions as intended. This phase comes after unit testing and integration testing and before the software is released for actual use. System testing involves evaluating the system's functionality, performance, security, and other aspects from an end-to-end perspective.
Taking responsibility for failures and addressing non-conformance is essential to minimize the Cost of Non-Conformance. Organizations can reduce these costs by implementing robust quality management systems, conducting regular quality assessments, investing in employee training, fostering a culture of quality, and continuously improving processes. By focusing on preventing quality issues, organizations can not only save costs but also enhance customer satisfaction, loyalty, and long-term business success.
A "Software Defect" (also known as a "bug" or "software issue") is any deviation from the expected behavior or functionality of a software program. It represents an unintended flaw, error, or problem in the code that needs to be addressed in order for the software to function as intended. A software defect can occur in any part of the software, including the code, design, user interface, or documentation.
"Robust Design Methods" are an approach used in engineering and product development to design products and processes that are less sensitive to variations, uncertainties, and external factors, with the goal of reducing defects and improving overall quality. This approach emphasizes the use of scientific principles and systematic methodologies to minimize the impact of variability and improve the reliability and performance of products.
A "Unit Test" is a type of software testing that focuses on testing individual components or units of a program in isolation to ensure that they are defect-free and functioning as intended. Unit testing is a fundamental practice in software development and quality assurance, and it is typically performed by developers themselves or by dedicated QA engineers.
Yield is a term used to represent the percentage of units that are successfully handled correctly through a process without defects or errors. It's often used as a measure of process efficiency and quality control. Yield is calculated by dividing the number of defect-free units produced by the total number of units that entered the process, and then multiplying by 100 to get the percentage.
Conformance is an integral part of quality management systems and practices. It helps organizations achieve consistent quality, reduce defects, and build customer trust. By focusing on conformance, organizations can enhance their reputation, reduce rework, and minimize the risk of delivering products that do not meet customer needs or expectations.
Prevention costs involve expenses aimed at establishing processes, systems, and practices that minimize the occurrence of defects and errors. By addressing potential problems at their source, organizations can save costs associated with fixing issues later in the project lifecycle. The concept of prevention costs emphasizes the importance of a proactive approach to quality management.
"Integration Testing" is a phase of software testing that takes place between unit testing and system testing. It focuses on testing the interactions and interfaces between different units or components of a software system. The goal of integration testing is to ensure that these grouped components work together as intended and that any issues arising from their interactions are identified and resolved.
"Cost of Quality" (COQ) is a comprehensive concept used in quality management and cost accounting to measure the total cost associated with achieving and maintaining quality within an organization. It encompasses both the costs incurred to ensure that products or services meet quality standards (cost of conformance) and the costs incurred due to failures or deviations from those standards (cost of non-conformance).
"Six 9s of Quality" is indeed a measure of quality control that represents a very high level of reliability and precision. It refers to a product or process that has been engineered to have an extremely low failure rate. Each "9" represents one decimal place, and the number of nines indicates the level of reliability in terms of faults per million opportunities.
"Measurement and Test Equipment Costs" refer to the capital investment made by an organization to acquire the necessary tools, instruments, and equipment used for performing prevention and appraisal activities in quality management. These activities are aimed at ensuring that products, processes, and services meet the required quality standards and specifications.
ISO 9000 is a set of international standards that outlines the principles and requirements for implementing a Quality Management System (QMS) within an organization. It focuses on ensuring that an organization consistently meets customer and regulatory requirements while aiming to enhance customer satisfaction and continuous improvement.
