The management of COPD frequently recommends the use of inhaled beta-agonists, oxygen, anticholinergics, systemic or inhaled corticosteroids, pneumococcal and flu vaccinations, and cessation of smoking. Usually, beta blockers should not be used for the condition.
The most sensitive test is focused on measuring TSH levels in the blood, even though any of the aforementioned procedures may be used to evaluate the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism.
Esophageal achalasia, a fundamental disease of esophageal motility, often manifests as dysphagia for both solid and liquid foods.
Emphysema is a chronic, progressive lung condition that predominantly results in breathlessness. Emphysema is clinically indicated by dyspnea, lip-pursing breathing, a thin, wasted appearance, a little cough, and diminished breath sounds.
One of the most common causes of left sided heart failure is systemic hypertension, not pulmonary hypertension. Heart failure on the right side is frequently the result of pulmonary hypertension.
A persistent side effect of secondary hypertension is NOT asthma. Diabetes, coronary heart failure (CHF), neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetes mellitus, and retinopathy are some of the frequent long-term consequences of secondary hypertension.
At the start of ventricular contraction, or systole, the mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular valves close, blocking reverse blood flow and resulting in the first heart sound.
On a chest radiograph, dilated cardiomyopathy manifests as an inflated, balloon-like heart and pulmonary congestion.
One of the most frequent adverse reactions following long-term ACEI treatment is dry cough. The coughing may go away within a month, and if one ACE inhibitor makes you cough, it's likely that the others will too.
The most common condition for which beta blockers are treated is hypertension. Beta blockers typically result in hypotension.
Kussmaul breathing, which occurs when the respiratory center in the brain's medulla is stimulated by acidosis, such as in diabetic ketoacidosis, is deep, strong, and rapid breathing.
The bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii, which is the prototype in the spotted fever group of rickettsiae, is the cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). The Americas are home to Rickettsia rickettsii, which is spread to people by the bite of infected ticks.
The main right to left shunt in tetralogy of fallot is obstructed right ventricular outflow. Blood ultimately travels to the aorta instead of the pulmonary artery.
Adult bones contain osteogenic cells, which develop into osteoblasts to generate bone for remodeling and repair. Osteogenic cells resemble mesenchymal cells.
The most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF), is characterized by an abnormally irregular ventricular pulse and a loss of connection between the heart apex beat and radial pulsation.
Pneumonia, ischemia, rheumatic heart disease, anemia, atrial myxoma, and thyrotoxicosis are common etiological causes of atrial fibrillation (hyperthyroidism).
