Explanation:
With the use of a physical star topology and baseband signaling (one signal per channel), the local area network (LAN) technology known as Token Ring offers collision-free access to the medium. Token Ring uses a token passing channel access technique, therefore there are no collisions. All other systems must wait for the token; only the system holding the token is allowed to broadcast. A type of cable is fiber-optic. Ethernet may work in a physical star arrangement and employs baseband signaling as well, however, it is susceptible to collisions. IP, a connectionless network layer protocol, is in charge of logically addressing hosts at both their source and their destination.
Explanation:
Applications can access the protocol stack and get ready information for transmission across a network through the application layer, which acts as an entry point. This layer is underneath all other levels in the OSI model, and each layer depends on this access point.
Explanation:
A local area network, or LAN for short, is a collection of computers that are all located in a relatively narrow geographic region. LANs that are geographically separated are connected by WANs (wide area networks). Metropolitan area networks, or MANs, are typically larger than LANs but smaller than WANs; they are not restricted to a specific geographic area. A CAN-style network does not exist.
Explanation:
Transport layer protocols come in two flavors: connection-oriented and connectionless. By establishing a link between the sender and receiver before any data is delivered, connection-oriented protocols ensure the transmission of datagrams from source to destination. A link between the end systems is not necessary for connectionless protocols to pass datagrams.
Explanation:
Over copper cable, electrical signals convey data. Fiber-optic is a type of cable, not a form of signal. Copper cables cannot be used to transmit microwave signals. Only wireless networks employ infrared signals.
Explanation:
The physical layer of the OSI model establishes standards for a network's mechanical and physical components, including the cabling (copper and fiber), hubs used for connecting devices, and analog and digital signaling techniques. The OSI model's physical layer is above all other protocols.
Explanation:
The data-link layer is the only one that adds both a header and a footer (or trailer). Data encapsulation describes the process of adding the headers and footers. As data is sent from one protocol layer to the next inside the model, all additional protocol layers only add a header (control information).
