Explanation:
To determine if a patient is A1 or A2, the blood is indeed typed with a lectin called Dolichos biflorus. This lectin specifically binds to the A1 antigen, which is present in higher amounts in individuals with blood type A1 compared to those with blood type A2.
The Dolichos biflorus lectin test involves mixing a small amount of the patient's blood with the Dolichos biflorus lectin. If the patient's blood cells agglutinate, or clump together, in the presence of the lectin, they are classified as blood type A1. If the blood cells do not agglutinate, the patient is classified as blood type A2.
Explanation:
Metabolic acidosis can be detected by testing urine for the presence of ketones. Ketones are acidic byproducts of fat metabolism that can accumulate in the blood and urine when the body is unable to use glucose as a source of energy, such as in uncontrolled diabetes or during starvation.
In metabolic acidosis, the body's pH drops below the normal range, indicating an excess of acid in the blood. When the kidneys try to compensate for this imbalance, they excrete excess acid in the form of acidic urine, which may contain ketones.
Explanation:
Some laboratory protocols may use 0.05 mL of inactivated serum for the qualitative VDRL test. The exact amount of serum used can vary depending on the laboratory and the specific protocol used.
It is important to note that the VDRL test is a screening test and has limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. False-positive and false-negative results can occur. Therefore, further confirmatory testing is usually required to confirm a positive VDRL result.
Explanation:
In the bloodstream, most of the thyroxine (T4) is bound to a specific protein called thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), also known as thyroxine-binding prealbumin.
TBG is a glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver and circulates in the blood. It has a high affinity for T4 and binds to it tightly, forming a complex that is unable to pass through the cell membranes. This bound form of T4 is sometimes referred to as "bound T4" or "protein-bound T4."
Explanation:
Standard deviation is a measure of the degree to which a set of observations deviates from its mean value. It is a widely used statistical measure of the variability or dispersion of a data set.
The standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the variance. It tells us how much the data is spread out around the mean value. The larger the standard deviation, the more dispersed the data is around the mean.
Explanation:
The principle involved in some automated blood cell counters is based on the size of the particles being counted.
These automated cell counters use a technique called "flow cytometry," which measures the size and relative granularity of cells as they pass through a small aperture. The cells are stained with fluorescent dyes that selectively bind to cell components, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. As the cells flow through a focused laser beam, the dye molecules emit light, which is detected by photomultiplier tubes.
Explanation:
When six or more consecutive daily values are distributed on one side of the mean but maintain a constant level, it is known as a "shift" in statistical process control.
A shift occurs when there is a sudden change in the process mean, resulting in a new level of performance. It can be represented graphically as a sudden jump in the process mean value, with data points clustered on one side of the new mean. This indicates that the process has changed, and further investigation is needed to determine the cause of the shift.
