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Free LSAT Passage Questions and Answers

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In ecology, the term "alternative stable state" describes how many ecosystems have a propensity to have various, stable configurations of biotic and abiotic variables across very long time periods that are separated by what are referred to as regime or phase changes. According to alternative stable state theory, when deforestation progresses, a forest will approach a critical tipping point (also known as an ecological threshold), rather than gradually migrating along a gradient toward a new stable state. Any modification that goes beyond this point will quickly shift the biome into its second stable condition, in this case a grassland.

Ecologists frequently use the following example to explain this theory: Imagine a group of three hills with two valleys separating them and a ball in one of the valleys that you wish to push into the other. The ball will just roll back down to where it started if you don't push hard enough, but if you do, it will roll all the way into the valley on the other side of the hill. From there, the ball would need a comparable strong push to return to its starting point. The valleys are stable states because they are where the balls desire to stay in the absence of external influences. The ball can, however, be swiftly moved from one valley into another if there is a significant enough change in the environment to have it roll all the way up the hill to its highest point (the ecological threshold). This is known as a phase shift.

Since it was thought that deliberately altering an environment to this level was unimaginable until recently, the majority of work exploring alternate stable states has been theoretical. However, there have been numerous proven instances of alternative stable states documented. For instance, a clearwater lake's phosphorus balance might be upset, resulting in unmanageable phytoplankton blooms. Because reducing this phosphorus influx has thus far been ineffective in preventing phytoplankton blooms, scientists believe that the ecology has been forced into a new local equilibrium. Hysteresis, or the notion that an environment's state depends at least in part on its past rather than merely its present state, is at the center of several arguments against alternative steady state theory. It is still up for dispute, though, whether the majority of ecosystems that can coexist in several stable states will easily transition between the two.

All of the following are discussed in the passage EXCEPT:

Correct! Wrong!

A pharmaceutical company has gone public for the first time. Manufacturing a controversial medicine has brought the company under criticism. Test simply that the medicine produces the desired effects, However, there are certain potentially dangerous side effects. The negative outcomes clearly outnumber the favorable outcomes. Following thorough research, further testing, according to the pharmaceutical company's CEO The medicine is now safe, according to the company: "With the FDA's approval, our new medicine may now be available." to be promoted and sold to hospitals all around the country response to a major medical issue that doctors are dealing with, we've been unable to adequately address." Which of the following, if true, Inquire about the pharmaceutical company's assertion that their product is safe. Is the medicine now considered safe?

Correct! Wrong!

As mentioned in the Overview, answer choice (c) contains a statement indicating that the FDA has granted conditional approval. This approval is dependent on the drug's ingredients being changed, and there is no evidence that the manufacturer has changed the drug ingredients. As a result, the medicine is unlikely to be safe, and the CEO's assertions appear to be deliberately vague. Optional response (C) is correct

Collapse, a meticulous examination of the reasons why certain ancient cultures have collapsed, was released by Jared Diamond in 2004. His seminal research looked at the historical and environmental circumstances that led to the extinction of the Anasazi people of the American southwest, the Polynesians of Easter Island, and the "Viking colonies" of Greenland. Diamond's central claim was that human imprudence and lack of vision were the main causes of these cultures' demise.

One of the earliest studies to look for connections between resource depletion in prehistoric Greenland and Easter Island's deforestation was Diamond's. Many well-known environmental activists saw his message as a call to action since he proposed that human agency had a crucial part in determining whether civilizations disintegrated or thrived. His message was that societies may continue to be lively as long as they made wise resource management decisions.

However, many detractors have argued that Diamond's theories were oversimplified and unfairly blamed the local populace for the loss of historic cultures. For instance, Terry Hunt, an archaeologist at the University of Hawaii, asserts that the Polynesian deforestation—which Diamond blamed on the irresponsibility of the indigenous peoples—was really brought on by rat predators. Hunt has also pointed out that Diamond disregarded the part European sickness had in wiping off local people. The question of who is to blame becomes much more complicated when these other elements are addressed, and some of Diamond's ideas would need to be reexamined.

According to the passage, which of the following is used by Diamond as a piece of evidence for his core thesis?

Correct! Wrong!

You must review the material in this particular style question to determine which of these five facts was employed to support Diamond's argument. Answers "The fact that diseases were introduced by Europeans" and "The fact that deforestation resulted from animal behavior" are two points that Hunt uses to support his stance; they were used to refute Diamond's central premise, thus they are both inaccurate. Both the statements "The fact that there was proper resource management" and "The fact that there was a natural depletion of food sources" are incorrect. Diamond thought that these cultures' demise was caused by human activity, namely "human recklessness" and "lack of foresight." This concept would not be supported by effective resource management or a natural decrease of food supplies. The last statement of Diamond's opening paragraph, "a lack of foresight," perfectly describes the reason why societies were unable to anticipate the future effectively. A "lack of foresight" is equivalent to a "inability to accurately predict the future," as "foresight" is described as "the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future." Keep in mind that wordplay presents the most challenge in questions with a defined style. The wrong answer options will use comparable but inaccurate descriptions of what you read, while the right answer will frequently use a synonymous but harder to understand form of what is mentioned in the paragraph. The right response is "Cultures' inability to predict the future with any degree of accuracy."

The department of health will investigate each of exactly six eateries over the course of six days (day 1 through day 6). During this time, each restaurant will be examined once a day, one restaurant at a time. The inspection schedule must adhere to the following guidelines:
On either day 1 or day 6, A is inspected.
D is inspected on the day before E is inspected.
The day before F is examined, E is inspected.
If B is inspected on the third day, then E gets inspected on the fifth day.

Which of the following is a list of restaurants in the order of their planned inspections, from day one to day six?

Correct! Wrong!

The order of B, C, D, E, F, A satisfies all of the conditions and does not violate any of them.
A, E, F, C, D, B is incorrect because D must be inspected before E is, as stated in the conditions.
B, D, E, C, F, A is incorrect because E must be inspected immediately before F is, as stated in the conditions.
B, D, E, F, A, C is incorrect because A must be inspected either lst or 6th, as stated in the conditions.
D, C, B, E, F, A is incorrect because if B is inspected 3rd, then E must be inspected 5th, as stated in the conditions.

The Bee-Moth (Tinea mellonella), one of several honeybee adversaries, is by far the most feared in regions with hot summers. In this nation, its ravages have been so pervasive and deadly that millions have given up raising bees out of desperation, and in areas that used to produce copious amounts of the purest honey, beekeeping has progressively diminished into a very minor activity. Countless devices have been created to protect the bees from this vile enemy, but it still makes devasting inroads almost unchecked, mocking all the so-called "moth-proof" hives and converting many of the clever devices created to trap or exclude it into actual aids and comforts in its nefarious designs.

If I couldn't demonstrate to the apiarist how he may safely resist the pestilential assaults of this, his most obstinate foe, I would have little faith in my ability to turn beekeeping in our nation back into a sure and lucrative endeavor. After years of meticulously observing its behaviors, I can finally present a management strategy based on the unique design of my hives that will allow the diligent beekeeper to defend his colonies against the monster. Just like weeds take control of rich soil, the bee-moth infests our apiaries. I'll briefly describe the moth's behavior before going into detail about the methods I use to avoid it.

A very accurate description of this insect, known at the time as the "bee-wolf," was provided by Swammerdam toward the end of the seventeenth century. He provided good drawings of it in all its stages, from worm to perfect moth, as well as the unusual webs or galleries that it creates, from which some entomologists gave it the name Tinea galleria or "gallery moth." However, he was unable to distinguish between the male and female, which he mistakenly believed to be two distinct species of wax-moth due to their extreme differences in size and appearance. It appears to have been a significant annoyance in his day, and even Virgil mentions the "dirum tineae genus," the terrifying moth's progeny, or the worm.

This destroyer often appears around the beehives around April or May, depending on how warm the weather is or how far into the season it is. It seldom takes to the air before midnight and is obviously mostly nocturnal in its habits (unless disturbed from its hiding location around the hive). However, on dark, overcast days, I have observed it flying far before sundown, and if many of these days pass in a row, the female may be seen attempting to enter the hives as she is under extreme pressure to deposit her eggs. The female is much bigger than the male, and "her color is deeper and more inclining to a darkish gray, with small spots or blackish streaks on the interior edge of her upper wings." The male's color tends more toward a light gray; they may easily be confused for different species of moths. Surprisingly nimble on land and in the air, these insects. In contrast, a bee's movements are extremely sluggish. The moths will be seen flying or running around the hives, looking for an opportunity to enter, while the bees that have to guard the entrances against their intrusion will be seen acting as vigilant sentinels, performing continuous rounds near this important post, extending their antenna to the maximum, and moving them to the right and left. The poor moth that gets in their way will suffer!"It is interesting to see how cunningly the moth knows how to profit, to the detriment of the bees, who need a lot of light to see objects, and the precautions taken by the latter in recognizing and driving out such a dangerous enemy," explains Huber.

The passage states that which of the following is true?

Correct! Wrong!

According to the author, "It seems to have been a great pest in [Swammerdam's] time; and even Virgil speaks of the "dirum tineae genus," the dreadful offspring of the moth; that is, the worm." If Virgil mentioned the bee-moth, it suggests that ancient civilizations were familiar with its young. By pointing out the other assertions as being untrue, we may also determine the right response. As the author states towards the start of the fourth paragraph, the moths are nocturnal, so we know this. According to the author, "It seems to have been a great pest in [Swammerdam's] time; and even Virgil speaks of the "dirum tineae genus," the dreadful offspring of the moth; that is, the worm." If Virgil mentioned the bee-moth, it suggests that ancient civilizations were familiar with its young. By pointing out the other assertions as being untrue, we may also determine the right response. As the author states towards the start of the fourth paragraph, the moths are nocturnal, so we know this. According to the first sentence of this paragraph, the moth does not arrive before May or April. The aforementioned remark also reveals that the moth was a significant nuisance throughout Swammerdam's lifetime, which was the seventeenth century.

Researchers in the developing discipline of social brain science now have new insights into how consciousness and social cognition function thanks to recent developments in non-invasive human neuroimaging. The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), a part of the brain linked to memory, fear, and maybe bias, is of particular interest.

The amygdala appears to be where memories associated with fears are stored. Although these memories are later preserved in the MPFC, the same area also appears to generate memories that dispel those worries. According to neuroimages, the MPFC projects nerves into the amygdala, which serves as the mechanism for squelching the fear response. Rodents with MPFC injury are less able to overcome some anxieties, as one might anticipate.

Additionally, it seems that memory and self-referential judgements are correlated with MPFC activity. Particularly during introspective mental effort, the dorsal MPFC exhibits increased activity. Interestingly, when people are engaged in attention-demanding tasks, there is a decrease in ventral MPFC activity. This suggests that certain emotional processes can be lessened by cognitive activities. Other variations between these two MPFC regions have been identified. The dorsal region becomes more active when photographs of strangers with whom the viewer does not share the same political perspective are shown to an individual, whereas the ventral region becomes more active when photographs of strangers with whom the viewer does not share the same political perspective are shown to an individual.

Scientists have known since the 19th century that injury to the MPFC impairs social abilities while leaving other mental abilities unaffected. We have entered a field that is certain to give us knowledge about ourselves that will prove to be of immense interest and significant utility, thanks to our newly discovered capacity to really watch mental activity in both healthy and disabled people without resorting to surgery.

Which of the following does the author NOT mention as being an advantage of neuroimaging?

Correct! Wrong!

You must review the material in this particular style question to determine which of these five facts was employed to support Diamond's argument. Answers "The fact that diseases were introduced by Europeans" and "The fact that deforestation resulted from animal behavior" are two points that Hunt uses to support his stance; they were used to refute Diamond's central premise, thus they are both inaccurate. Both the statements "The fact that there was proper resource management" and "The fact that there was a natural depletion of food sources" are incorrect. Diamond thought that these cultures' demise was caused by human activity, namely "human recklessness" and "lack of foresight." This concept would not be supported by effective resource management or a natural decrease of food supplies. The last statement of Diamond's opening paragraph, "a lack of foresight," perfectly describes the reason why societies were unable to anticipate the future effectively. A "lack of foresight" is equivalent to a "inability to accurately predict the future," as "foresight" is described as "the ability to predict or the action of predicting what will happen or be needed in the future." Keep in mind that wordplay presents the most challenge in questions with a defined style. The wrong answer options will use comparable but inaccurate descriptions of what you read, while the right answer will frequently use a synonymous but harder to understand form of what is mentioned in the paragraph. The right response is "Cultures' inability to predict the future with any degree of accuracy."

People rely on memory and metamemory, or understanding of that memory, in order to operate on a daily basis. A person may not be able to remember a person's name right away after meeting them, but they nevertheless believe they do. Monitoring memory led to this sensation. The majority of individuals will keep rummaging through their memories for this name because of this feeling-of-knowing (FOK). Once a name has been produced, individuals may then keep an eye on it and determine if they feel secure enough to use it.

Monitoring your memory entails assessing how well it is working over time. People who participate in experiments to test memory monitoring often rate their own memories at various phases of learning and recall. A series of inquiries are made of the participants. They are required to give a retrospective confidence (RC) assessment, assessing the chance that their response is accurate, after each question they respond to. When a participant chooses not to respond to a question, they are asked for their prospective FOK judgment to determine if they still believe they are aware of the response (for instance, because they believe they might be able to recall it in the future).

Perhaps unsurprisingly, there is a strong correlation between RC judgements and real issue expertise. FOK assessments, however, only have a weakly positive correlation with real knowledge. While the FOK occasionally results from a brief loss of memory, it more frequently comes from the expectation that one should be aware of something, for example because the subject matter is well-known.

There is a broad understanding among researchers that while monitoring memory, people make assumptions about whether a given answer will be recalled or has already been remembered depending on the inputs that are immediately accessible. Nevertheless, depending on when memory is evaluated, different specific inputs are employed. Prospective FOK assessments are believed to be based on the cue's familiarity, the availability of memory-related information, or a mix of the two. The general consensus is that RC judgements, in contrast, are based on the memory-retrieval experience, or the "on-line" experience of quickly accessing a previously learned object.

According to the passage, FOK judgments and RC judgments differ in all of the following ways EXCEPT that

Correct! Wrong!

The department of health will investigate each of exactly six eateries over the course of six days (day 1 through day 6). During this time, each restaurant will be examined once a day, one restaurant at a time. The inspection schedule must adhere to the following guidelines:
On either day 1 or day 6, A is inspected.
D is inspected on the day before E is inspected.
The day before F is examined, E is inspected.
If B is inspected on the third day, then E gets inspected on the fifth day.

Which of the following inspections CANNOT be planned for day 5?

Correct! Wrong!

D is unable to be planned for day 5 because D is required to be scheduled. E must come before F, and F must come before E. If D is the case, If E and F are scheduled for day 5, there will be no room for them. D is the next scheduled event.
All of the other options can be arranged without difficulty. For day 5, there is a contradiction, and hence you are incorrect.

Literary criticism that is informed by feminist theory, or more broadly, by the politics of feminism, is known as feminist literary criticism. Its history spans a wide range of topics, from groundbreaking theoretical work in women's studies and gender studies by "third-wave" authors to the classic writings of nineteenth-century women authors like Margaret Fuller and George Eliot. The politics of women's authorship and the representation of the situation of women in literature, especially the portrayal of fictitious female characters, were the main topics of feminist literary criticism prior to the 1970s—in the first and second waves of feminism. In addition, feminist critique focused on the absence of women from the canon of western literature, which, according to the majority of feminist critics, is because the perspectives of women authors are not seen as universal.

Modern feminist literary criticism has taken many new turns with the emergence of more nuanced views of gender and subjectivity as well as third-wave feminism, particularly in the vein of the Frankfurt School's critical theory. It has taken into account gender in the context of Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis, as well as as a real political investment and a component of the deconstruction of preexisting power relations. Additionally, it has a strong connection to the emergence and development of homosexual studies. The more conventional feminist fundamental concern with the politics and portrayal of women's lives has continued to actively participate in critique. More specifically, modern feminist criticism deals with those issues related to the patriarchal programming within key aspects of society including education, politics, and the work force.

To uncover a female tradition of writing, interpret women's writing's symbolism so that it will not be lost or ignored by the male point of view, analyze women writers and their writings from a female perspective, examine sexism in literature, and raise awareness of sexual politics are some of the primary goals of feminist criticism, according to Lisa Tuttle, who recently defined feminist theory as asking "new questions of old texts." She contends that only after doing such an examination will feminist critique be viewed objectively in the future.

According to the passage, all of the following would likely be a concern for feminist critics during the first and second waves of feminism EXCEPT:

Correct! Wrong!

Literary criticism that is informed by feminist theory, or more broadly, by the politics of feminism, is known as feminist literary criticism. It has a long and diverse history, ranging from groundbreaking theoretical work in women's studies and gender studies by "third-wave" authors to the classic works of nineteenth-century women authors like Margaret Fuller and George Eliot. The politics of women's authorship and the representation of the situation of women in literature, especially the portrayal of fictitious female characters, were the main topics of feminist literary criticism prior to the 1970s—in the first and second waves of feminism. In addition, feminist critique focused on the absence of women from the canon of western literature, which, according to the majority of feminist critics, is because the perspectives of women authors are not seen as universal.

Modern feminist literary criticism has taken many new turns with the emergence of more nuanced views of gender and subjectivity as well as third-wave feminism, particularly in the vein of the Frankfurt School's critical theory. It has taken into account gender in the context of Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis, as well as as a real political investment and a component of the deconstruction of preexisting power relations. Additionally, it has a strong connection to the emergence and development of homosexual studies. The more conventional feminist fundamental concern with the politics and portrayal of women's lives has continued to actively participate in critique. Modern feminist critique is more explicitly concerned with concerns relating to patriarchal programming in important spheres of society, including as politics, the workplace, and education.

To uncover a female tradition of writing, interpret women's writing's symbolism so that it will not be lost or ignored by the male point of view, analyze women writers and their writings from a female perspective, examine sexism in literature, and raise awareness of sexual politics are some of the primary goals of feminist criticism, according to Lisa Tuttle, who recently defined feminist theory as asking "new questions of old texts." She contends that only after doing such an examination will feminist critique be viewed objectively in the future.

All of the following are regarded as fresh approaches to contemporary feminist literary criticism, EXCEPT:

Correct! Wrong!

Like in most more difficult particular style problems, wordplay and/or word choice are the main sources of difficulty. Find the forums where these topics are discussed first. You would anticipate to find each of these following the sentence that begins the second paragraph, "Modern feminist literary criticism has taken a variety of new routes, particularly in the tradition of the Frankfurt School's critical theory." You can easily find the phrases "deconstructing existing relations of power in relation to gender," "viewing gender as a tangible political contribution," and "viewing gender in terms of Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis" in the second sentence of the paragraph, so you know none of those are accurate.

Each class has eight kids, all of whom have black, brown, red, or blonde hair. The students in this class are appropriately described by the following statements:

1. Four of the girls have blonde or brown hair.
2. There is only one student with red hair.
3. The hair color of two boys is the same.
4. In the class, there are exactly three students with brown hair.
5. In the class, at least one type of each hair color is represented.
What can we say about the dispersion of black students?

Correct! Wrong!

We're attempting to figure out if four or more people can fit in. kids to have black hair, because we know there are three types of black hair. Brown haired students. Because three of the eight students are absent, That leaves five people with brown hair. Based on the second and fifth paragraphs of the second and fifth paragraphs of the second and We know that one of the five has red hair, so that leaves four. We know there must be at least one based on the fifth condition. There are three blondes left. As a result, the absolute maximum is There would have to be three students with black hair, which is equal to the amount of students who have brown hair

As it is now understood, moral philosophy is a criticism of our moral concepts. We all make moral judgments on a regular basis and generally understand what they are. The two most popular versions of them are: "So-and-so is a good man" and "Such-and-such an action is right" We utilize the concepts of good or evil, right or wrong, or use our phraseology, the categories while making such judgments. Additionally, we do not attack these categories in conventional moral thought. What interests us most is whether these or other judgments are correct or false. Is that person a decent man? Is this a good or bad thing to do? Assuming that there is anything that can be referred to as good or right, we inquire about its presence and whether individuals or behaviors qualify as such. But in philosophy, we change the focus of our attention. As moral philosophers, we are no longer primarily interested in determining whether a specific action is right or bad. Instead, we ask, "What does 'good' or 'right' mean? In other words, we are investigating and criticizing our moral categories rather than,

The underlined word "criticism" in the first passage most closely means ____________.

Correct! Wrong!

It does not seem that the author believes that it is necessary to condemn intuitive morality; rather, he is interested in knowing what exactly these moral judgements are, in analyzing categories instead of using them. However, "analysis" seems to be the closest synonym because it involves a more rigorous level of intellectual evaluation and research than simple remark.

The Secretary of State uses a system of tiers to rate nations based on their efforts to combat human trafficking to produce the Trafficking in Persons (TIPS) Report. The minimal requirements for becoming a Tier 1 country, which the United States considers to be a country in good standing, are fairly arbitrary. In order to "eliminate human trafficking," there must be "serious and sustained efforts" that include things like outlawing and prosecuting human trafficking offenses, putting policies in place to prevent future violations, raising awareness among the general public, and providing support for victims.

Although Tier 2 nations still fall short of Tier 1 norms, they are making substantial efforts to do so. Countries on the Tier 2 Watch List satisfy the same requirements as Tier 2 countries but also one of the following conditions: 1) the number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or significantly increasing; 2) there is no evidence that efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons have increased from the previous year; or 3) the determination that a country was making significant efforts to comply with minimum standards was based on that country's performance against other criteria. Tier 3 nations do not completely adhere to the basic requirements and do not make considerable attempts to do so. Tier 3 nations are subject to a number of sanctions, including the cessation of non-trade and non-humanitarian foreign assistance, the denial of funding for educational and cultural exchange programs, and potential U.S. opposition to assistance from international financial organizations like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

The TIPS Report relies on U.S. embassies to meet with foreign government representatives on a regular basis in order to gather data regarding human trafficking in various nations throughout the world. It is considered to be the most thorough study on human trafficking in the world and is regarded as a reliable representation of the laws and policies in use around the globe. The TIPS Report specifically examines nations' counter-trafficking initiatives based on the measures implemented in the areas of prosecution, prevention, and protection. Whether or not there are laws against human trafficking and whether or not they are aggressively applied to offenders determines how effective a nation's prosecution efforts are. Raising public awareness of human trafficking and changing policies that render certain communities more susceptible to it than others should be the main goals of prevention efforts. Last but not least, protection initiatives work to meet the requirements of current or future victims.

The primary purpose of the passage is most likely to

Correct! Wrong!

The TIPS Report and its creation are the text's sole subjects of discussion. Consequently, the best response is:

Describe a sort of report that the United States produces.

Collapse, a meticulous examination of the causes of the demise of several ancient cultures, was released by Jared Diamond in 2004. His ground-breaking research examined the historical and environmental circumstances that led to the extinction of the Anasazi people of the American southwest, the Polynesians of Easter Island, and the "Viking colonies" of Greenland. Diamond's central claim was that these cultures' demise was mostly caused by human imprudence and a lack of vision.

One of the earliest studies to look for connections between resource depletion in prehistoric Greenland and Easter Island's deforestation was Diamond's. Many well-known environmental activists saw his message as a call to action since he proposed that human agency had a crucial part in determining whether civilizations disintegrated or thrived. His message was that societies may continue to be lively as long as they made wise resource management decisions.

However, many detractors have argued that Diamond's theories were oversimplified and unfairly blamed the local populace for the loss of historic cultures. For instance, Terry Hunt, an archaeologist at the University of Hawaii, asserts that the Polynesian deforestation—which Diamond blamed on the irresponsibility of the indigenous peoples—was really brought on by rat predators. Hunt has also pointed out that Diamond disregarded the part European sickness had in wiping off local people. The question of who is to blame becomes much more complicated when these other elements are addressed, and some of Diamond's ideas would need to be reexamined.

According to the passage, all of the following were used by Diamond or Hunt to support their positions EXCEPT:

Correct! Wrong!

You must check which four of the answer options were mentioned in the passage for this specific type of "EXCEPT" question. Here, you must confirm that they served as the two researchers' supporting documentation. You discover that Diamond researched the Anasazi of the American southwest in the opening paragraph when it refers to "overuse of pasture land by animals of the Anasazi in the American southwest", but you are not informed of what he believes particularly caused their extinction. The phrase "overuse of pasture land by animals of the Anasazi in the American southwest" is valid because there is no mention of excessive pasture use. You learn that Diamond's work focused on "commonalities between deforestation in Easter Island and resource depletion in ancient Greenland" relating to his theory that "human recklessness" and "lack of foresight" were the cause of the disappearance. This is in reference to "deforestation on Easter Island resulting from reckless behavior or lack of foresight" and "resource depletion in Greenland resulting from reckless behavior or lack of foresight."

The Bee-Moth (Tinea mellonella), one of several honeybee adversaries, is by far the most feared in regions with hot summers. In this nation, its ravages have been so pervasive and deadly that millions have given up raising bees out of desperation, and in areas that used to produce copious amounts of the purest honey, beekeeping has progressively diminished into a very minor activity. Countless devices have been created to protect the bees from this vile enemy, but it still makes devasting inroads almost unchecked, mocking all the so-called "moth-proof" hives and converting many of the clever devices created to trap or exclude them into actual aids and comforts in its nefarious designs.

If I couldn't demonstrate to the apiarist how he may safely resist the pestilential assaults of this, his most obstinate foe, I would have little faith in my ability to turn beekeeping in our nation back into a sure and lucrative endeavor. After years of meticulously observing its behaviors, I can finally present a management strategy based on the unique design of my hives that will allow the diligent beekeeper to defend his colonies against the monster. Just like weeds take control of rich soil, the bee-moth infests our apiaries. I'll briefly describe the moth's behavior before going into detail about the methods I use to avoid it.

At the end of the seventeenth century, Swammerdam gave a very accurate description of this insect, then known as the "bee-wolf," and provided good drawings of it in all its stages, from worm to perfect moth, along with the peculiar webs or galleries that it creates and from which some entomologists gave it the name Tinea galleria or "gallery moth" However, he was unable to distinguish between the male and female, which he mistakenly believed to be two distinct species of wax-moth due to their extreme differences in size and appearance. It appears to have been a significant annoyance in his day, and even Virgil mentions the "dirum tineae genus," the terrifying moth's progeny, or the worm.

This destroyer often appears around the beehives around April or May, depending on how warm the weather is or how far into the season it is. It seldom takes to the air before midnight and is obviously mostly nocturnal in its habits (unless disturbed from its hiding location around the hive). However, on dark, overcast days, I have observed it flying far before sundown, and if many of these days pass in a row, the female may be seen attempting to enter the hives as she is under extreme pressure to deposit her eggs. The female is much bigger than the male, and "her color is deeper and more inclining to a darkish gray, with small spots or blackish streaks on the interior edge of her upper wings." The male's color tends more toward a light gray; they may easily be confused for different species of moths. Surprisingly nimble on land and in the air, these insects. In contrast, a bee's movements are extremely sluggish. The moths will be seen flying or running around the hives, looking for an opportunity to enter, while the bees that have to guard the entrances against their intrusion will be seen acting as vigilant sentinels, performing continuous rounds near this important post, extending their antenna to the maximum, and moving them to the right and left. The poor moth that gets in their way will suffer!"It is interesting to see how cunningly the moth knows how to profit, to the detriment of the bees, who need a lot of light to see objects, and the precautions taken by the latter in recognizing and driving out such a dangerous enemy," explains Huber.

Which of the following statements about bees is supported by the passage?

Correct! Wrong!

The third paragraph, which states that "the bees that have to guard the entrances against their intrusion, will be seen acting as vigilant sentinels, performing continual rounds near this important post, extending their antenna to the utmost, and moving them to the right and left alternately. Woe to the unfortunate moth that comes within their reach!", supports this response.

The Bee-Moth (Tinea mellonella), one of several honeybee adversaries, is by far the most feared in regions with hot summers. In this nation, its ravages have been so pervasive and deadly that millions have given up raising bees out of desperation, and in areas that used to produce copious amounts of the purest honey, beekeeping has progressively diminished into a very minor activity. Contrivances almost without number have been devised to defend the bees against this invidious foe, but still, it continues its desolating inroads, almost unchecked, laughing as it were to scorn at all the so-called "moth-proof" hives, and turning many of the ingenious fixtures designed to entrap or exclude it into actual aids and comforts in its nefarious designs.

If I couldn't demonstrate to the apiarist how he may safely resist the pestilential assaults of this, his most obstinate foe, I would have little faith in my ability to turn beekeeping in our nation back into a sure and lucrative endeavor. After years of meticulously observing its behaviors, I can finally present a management strategy based on the unique design of my hives that will allow the diligent beekeeper to defend his colonies against the monster. Just like weeds take control of rich soil, the bee moth infests our apiaries. I'll briefly describe the moth's behavior before going into detail about the methods I use to avoid it.

A very accurate description of this insect, known at the time as the "bee-wolf," was provided by Swammerdam toward the end of the seventeenth century. He provided good drawings of it in all its stages, from worm to perfect moth, as well as the unusual webs or galleries that it creates, from which some entomologists gave it the name Tinea galleria or "gallery moth." However, he was unable to distinguish between the male and female, which he mistakenly believed to be two distinct species of wax moth due to their extreme differences in size and appearance. It appears to have been a significant annoyance in his day, and even Virgil mentions the "drum tineae genus," the terrifying moth's progeny, or the worm.

This destroyer often appears around the beehives around April or May, depending on how warm the weather is or how far into the season it is. It seldom takes to the air before midnight and is obviously mostly nocturnal in its habits (unless disturbed from its hiding location around the hive). However, on dark, overcast days, I have observed it flying far before sundown, and if many of these days pass in a row, the female may be seen attempting to enter the hives as she is under extreme pressure to deposit her eggs. The female is much bigger than the male, and "her color is deeper and more inclining to a darkish gray, with small spots or blackish streaks on the interior edge of her upper wings." The male's color tends more toward a light gray; they may easily be confused for different species of moths. Surprisingly nimble on land and in the air, these insects. In contrast, a bee's movements are extremely sluggish. The moths will be seen flying or running around the hives, looking for an opportunity to enter, while the bees that have to guard the entrances against their intrusion will be seen acting as vigilant sentinels, performing continuous rounds near this important post, extending their antenna to the maximum, and moving them to the right and left. The poor moth that gets in their way will suffer!"It is interesting to see how cunningly the moth knows how to profit, to the detriment of the bees, who need a lot of light to see objects, and the precautions taken by the latter in recognizing and driving out such a dangerous enemy," explains Huber.

Which of these is the best antonym of the underlined word “nefarious” in the first paragraph?

Correct! Wrong!

The bee-moth is described in the passage using the word as it "[turns] many of the ingenious fixtures design to entrap or exclude it, into actual aids and comforts in its nefarious designs." In other words, the moth is using the things that were intended to stop it for its nefarious, or wicked, designs. The greatest response alternative for "wicked" is "righteous," or good.

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