Founded in 1636, Harvard University is the oldest university in the United States but was not established during the Medieval Period. The establishment of the other three universities—Oxford University, University of Paris, and University of Bologna—during the Middle Ages made a substantial contribution to the advancement of medieval knowledge and education throughout Europe.
The first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) make up the Torah, which is considered the primary and most significant sacred literature in Judaism. It includes the founding story of the Jewish people in addition to the moral precepts, regulations, and commandments that direct Jewish religious practice and thought.
The eighteenth-century philosopher, author, and musician Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva. Rousseau presented his views on education in "Émile, or On Education," where he argued for a system that respects children's natural development and adjusts instruction to fit each stage of the child's growth. He placed a strong emphasis on experiential learning and the value of letting kids study according to their own interests and aptitudes at their own pace.
During the Renaissance, the revival and study of classical Greek and Roman art, philosophy, and literature were the main goals of classical humanism. Inspired by the writings of classical authors like Homer, Plato, and Cicero, humanists highlighted the value of human potential, reason, and individualism. During the Renaissance, a larger intellectual and cultural movement that changed European society and ideas was facilitated by this emphasis on the humanities and literature.
The process through which people pick up and embrace the norms, values, and behaviors of their culture or social group is known as enculturation. Socialization within the family, community, and larger society is how it happens.
In their teachings, Socrates and Confucius both placed a strong emphasis on moral development, ethics, and the value of societal peace and self-awareness. They used dialogue and questioning techniques to get their students to think critically and reflect on themselves.
Famous for his empiricist theory of knowing, English philosopher John Locke asserts that all knowledge is derived from experience. He is renowned for having said that a child's mind is a "tabula rasa," meaning that it is empty at birth and is formed by experiences and perceptions from the senses. This viewpoint had a big impact on educational philosophy, especially when it came to stressing the value of experiential learning and sensory stimuli.
While the civil service examination system, values education, and ritual performance were all valued aspects of ancient Chinese education, the idea of "preparation of priest-scribes" is not commonly connected to this particular educational approach. Rather, priest-scribes are more frequently encountered in other ancient cultures, such Egypt or Mesopotamia. Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were the main subjects of education in ancient China. Moral principles, civil service exams, and ceremonial traditions were also highly valued.
The founder of the 'Academia' was Plato, a student of Socrates who established it in Athens, Greece, circa 387 BC. The Academy was among the first universities in the West and had a big impact on the growth of philosophy and education in ancient Greece.
How do we maintain the holy covenant made to God by His people?
This dilemma has less to do with Greek and Roman educational philosophy and methods and more to do with religious or theological considerations. The other three possibilities, which center on ideas like truth, kindness, beauty, citizen preparation, and adapting to society changes, are more in line with the educational inquiries of those ancient civilizations.
According to Aristotle, intelligent humans should use reason, logic, and observation to live in harmony with the natural laws of the cosmos. He maintained that this was necessary to achieve eudaimonia, or thriving and well-being.
