Explanation:
A moderate decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to 59 is considered stage 3 of chronic renal disease. In these individuals, the objectives are to prevent cardiovascular disease, maintain blood pressure below 130/80, and halt the decline in renal function. Several studies have demonstrated that using ACEIs, ARBs, and loop diuretics together can protect renal function while treating hypertension in individuals. Although dietary modifications are crucial, they are insufficient in these patients to maintain renal function.
Explanation:
Depending on where the discomfort is, the American College of Radiology has suggested several imaging tests. While CT with contrast is the best for evaluating pain in the right lower and left lower quadrants, US is advised to measure RUQ discomfort (RLQ and LLQ). Pain in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) is suggested for CT without contrast.
Explanation:
Only upper respiratory infections are encountered more frequently in primary care than low back pain (LBP). This is a serious health issue that can result in long-term impairment. As a result, it's critical to spot warning signs and figure out when a patient needs to be referred. Cancer, infection, acute abdominal aneurysm, fracture, cauda equina syndrome, trauma history, and neurologic deficiency are all warning signs. Patients should be directed to a program that will assist them in returning to normal function if there are no abnormal findings on examination, radiography, or laboratory tests, and after receiving conservative treatment for 4-6 weeks, particularly if the condition is recurring or persistent. Individuals with inflammatory arthropathy, fibromyalgia, or metabolic bone disease should be referred to a rheumatologist.
Explanation:
For patients with high risk, the target LDL cholesterol level is under 100 mg/dL (under 70 is optimal); for those with moderate-to-high risk, it is under 130 mg/dL (under 100 is optimal); for those with moderate risk, it is under 130 mg/dL; and for those with one to one coronary risk factor, it is under 160 mg/dL.
Explanation:
Topical antibiotics are the preferred treatment for moderate acne, and they work best when combined with benzoyl peroxide. In cases of severe nodulocystic acne, isotretinoin is reversed.
Explanation:
The patient exhibits the Lhermitte sign when the head flexes anteriorly and paraesthesias occur along the spine or upper extremities. This can be a sign of myelopathy, spondylosis, or MS. The ability to anteriorly move the tibia distinguishes the Lachman test, which looks for anterior cruciate ligament damage in the knee. A positive Spurling test indicates pain in the ipsilateral downward pressure on the head radiating to the posterior shoulder or arm. The specificity of this test for cervical radiculopathy is excellent. The cervical roots' motor innervations can be recalled using the mnemonics Blocker (C5), Beggar (C6), Kisser (C7), Grabber (C8), and Spock (T1).
