Abiotic factors are non-living components of an ecosystem, such as temperature, light, water, and minerals. Water temperature is an abiotic factor that can affect species distribution and behavior.
Sunlight is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems, which is captured by plants during photosynthesis and then transferred through the food chain.
The carbon cycle is a key nutrient cycle in ecosystems. It describes how carbon atoms move through the atmosphere, organisms, and the environment, playing a central role in regulating climate and supporting life.
Trophic transfer refers to the flow of energy through the food chain, from primary producers (plants) to herbivores and then to higher-level consumers (carnivores and omnivores).
Ecosystem ecology focuses on understanding how energy moves through an ecosystem and how nutrients cycle between biotic and abiotic components.
