The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand and standardize how different networking protocols interact. It organizes communication into seven layers, ensuring interoperability between diverse systems and technologies.
IPv4 addresses consist of four octets, each ranging from 0 to 255. Address "10.0.0.1" is valid, whereas the others exceed the allowed range for octets.
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) encrypts data using TLS/SSL, ensuring secure communication over the web. HTTP does not provide encryption, while FTP and SMTP are used for file transfer and email, respectively.
A subnet mask divides an IP address into its network and host parts, helping devices determine whether a destination is on the same subnet or requires routing to another network.
In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central device like a switch or hub. This setup is common in modern networks due to its ease of troubleshooting and scalability.
