Root rot is caused by waterlogged soil that deprives roots of oxygen. Proper drainage is essential to prevent this condition. Avoiding overhead irrigation helps control foliar diseases but doesn’t directly impact root rot.
Powdery mildew manifests as a white, powdery fungal growth on the surface of leaves, stems, or flowers, typically in conditions of high humidity and moderate temperatures.
Aphids feed on plant sap and excrete a sticky substance called honeydew, which can attract ants and encourage sooty mold growth. Spider mites do not produce honeydew, though they may cause leaf damage.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a naturally occurring bacterium used to target the larvae of moths and butterflies, such as cabbage loopers and corn earworms. It is highly specific and does not harm beneficial insects.
IPM emphasizes sustainable and environmentally friendly methods, including biological control (e.g., releasing ladybugs to eat aphids). Preventive chemical use or indiscriminate elimination of insects goes against IPM principles.
