Shotguns have chokes, not shotgun shells.
No, black powder is not nearly as potent as smokeless powder.
Kids' Rules are:
1. Cease!
2. Refrain from touching!
3. Get Out of There.
4. Speak with an Adult.
Gun transfers in California must be carried out through a licensed California dealer where neither party to the transaction is a licensed guns dealer.
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Compared to black powder, smokeless powder has far greater potency. Smokeless powder makes it easy to blow up any muzzleloader.
Unless you obtain a concealed weapons permit, it is prohibited.