Explanation:
The multiple baseline design is a research method that involves observing the same behavior across multiple subjects, settings, or behaviors. It is used to determine if changes in the behavior occur after the implementation of an intervention. One of the limitations of this design is that it may not reveal the functional relationship between the intervention and the behavior change, even if one exists. This means that even if the behavior changes after the intervention, it may not be clear if the intervention caused the change or if other factors were involved. Another limitation is that the verification of predicted behavior change must be inferred from other behaviors, as direct observation may not be possible or practical. Additionally, the design is weaker than the reversal design, which allows for more conclusive evidence of causality. However, the design does not require that the behavior under study be within the subject's repertoire already, so this is not a limitation.
Explanation:
Habilitation refers to the process of helping individuals with disabilities or impairments develop skills and abilities to function effectively in their environment. The principle of habilitation focuses on maximizing positive reinforcement and minimizing punishment to promote positive behaviors and outcomes for both the individual and others. It involves identifying and implementing strategies that enhance the individual's behavior repertoire and promote their overall well-being and success in the short and long term.
Explanation:
Echoic behavior refers to the form of verbal behavior that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response. In other words, when someone repeats or echoes the words or sounds they hear, it is considered echoic behavior. This type of verbal behavior is important for language development and learning, as it helps individuals acquire new words and sounds by imitating what they hear.
Explanation:
Motivating operations and discriminative stimuli have similar evocative effects on behavior. This means that both of these factors can influence and elicit certain behaviors. Motivating operations refer to events or conditions that alter the value of a reinforcer and therefore affect the likelihood of a behavior occurring. Discriminative stimuli, on the other hand, are cues or signals in the environment that indicate the availability of reinforcement for a particular behavior. Both motivating operations and discriminative stimuli can evoke or prompt specific behaviors in individuals.
Explanation:
Extinction refers to the process of reducing or eliminating a target behavior by withholding reinforcement. In this context, ""all of the above"" is the correct answer because extinction can result in an increase in the rate of the target behavior, an increase in the intensity of the target behavior, or an increase in a variety of other behaviors. This occurs because when reinforcement is no longer provided for the target behavior, individuals may engage in the behavior more frequently, with greater intensity, or they may try out different behaviors in an attempt to obtain the previously reinforced outcome.
Explanation:
After punishment is discontinued, sometimes the behavior that experienced the punishment contingency will recover. This means that the behavior that was punished may start to occur again after the punishment has stopped.
Explanation:
A contingency contract is a formal agreement that outlines the expected behavior and responsibilities of two individuals towards each other. It sets clear expectations and consequences for both parties involved, ensuring that they understand their roles and obligations. This contract helps establish a structured and predictable environment, promoting accountability and cooperation between the individuals.
Explanation:
The shock stimulus felt by Peter can be described as positive punishment because it involved the application of an aversive stimulus (electric shock) to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (touching the fence wires) in the future.
Explanation:
Using a level system with a token system can foster self-management because it allows individuals to earn tokens based on their behavior and progress. As they accumulate tokens and move up levels, they are motivated to continue exhibiting positive behaviors and making progress. This system promotes autonomy and responsibility as individuals learn to manage their own behavior and strive to reach higher levels. It provides a sense of achievement and control, ultimately leading to self-management skills.
Explanation:
A neutral stimulus refers to a stimulus change that does not elicit any respondent behavior. It does not have any inherent significance or influence on the individual's behavior. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to eventually elicit a conditioned response. Until this association is formed, the neutral stimulus does not elicit any response on its own.
Explanation:
Intraverbal behavior refers to a form of verbal behavior that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus but does not have a point-to-point correspondence with that stimulus. This means that the response is not a direct repetition or imitation of the stimulus, but rather a related or associated verbal response. It involves generating language based on the context or meaning of the stimulus, such as answering questions, having conversations, or providing descriptions.
