UV-Vis spectroscopy measures the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light by a substance, which corresponds to electronic transitions in the molecule.
Gas chromatography separates compounds based on their boiling points and interactions with the stationary and mobile phases.
The reference electrode in potentiometry provides a stable and known potential against which the working electrode is measured.
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is a primary standard because it is stable, pure, and has a known molar mass.
Gravimetric analysis involves the precipitation of a compound, filtering, drying, and weighing it to determine the amount of analyte.
Liquid chromatography uses a liquid mobile phase to separate analytes based on their interactions with the stationary phase.
