Roughly 350,000 cardiac arrests happen outside of hospitals in the United States every year. Without bystander CPR, survival hovers near 10%. With it, survival doubles or triples. That's the whole reason basic CPR exists as a public skill — not because it's complicated, but because the first three to five minutes belong to whoever is standing closest.
You don't need a certification to start. You don't need a special device. You need to push hard and fast on the center of the chest, ideally while someone calls 911 and grabs an AED. That's the core of it. The rest of this guide breaks down what to do, in what order, and how the technique shifts when the person in front of you is an adult, a child, or an infant.
The American Heart Association updated its CPR guidance for 2025, and the 2026 protocols still follow that framework. Compression rate stays 100 to 120 per minute. Adult depth stays at least 2 inches. The big change for laypeople — bystander Hands-Only CPR — has been the recommended approach for untrained rescuers responding to a sudden adult collapse for over a decade, and that hasn't changed. If you've never trained, skip the breaths and keep pumping.
One more thing before the steps. People hesitate. They worry about breaking ribs (you might — it's fine, ribs heal, hearts don't restart on their own). They worry about lawsuits (Good Samaritan laws cover you in all 50 states when you act in good faith). They worry about doing it wrong. Here's the honest answer: doing nothing is the only wrong choice. If you want practice questions before you read the technique, run a quick Basic CPR practice test to see what you already know.
CPR — cardiopulmonary resuscitation — is a manual circulation technique. When a person's heart stops pumping blood, their brain starts dying in roughly 4 to 6 minutes. CPR doesn't restart the heart. What it does is keep oxygenated blood moving to the brain and vital organs until something that can restart the heart — usually an AED or paramedic — arrives.
That distinction matters. People expect CPR to revive the person. It almost never does. It buys time. The thing that actually shocks a chaotic heart rhythm back into a regular beat is the defibrillator. Basic CPR is the bridge.
Before you touch the person, look around. Traffic? Move them only if you must. Live electrical hazard? Don't touch until power is off. A burning building? Pull them out before starting. The rule isn't heroic — it's practical. A second collapsed rescuer helps nobody.
Once the scene is safe, drop to your knees beside them. Tap their shoulders. Shout. "Hey! Are you OK? Can you hear me?" Watch for any movement, any sound. Then look at their chest for 5 to 10 seconds. Are they breathing? Gasping isn't breathing — agonal gasps look like fish out of water and signal cardiac arrest, not life. If breathing is absent or only gasping, treat it as arrest.
If you're alone with a phone, dial 911, put it on speaker, and start compressions while you talk to the dispatcher. Dispatchers in most U.S. cities are trained to walk you through CPR over the phone — let them. If others are present, point directly at one person: "You, in the blue shirt, call 911 right now. You, in the red jacket, find the nearest AED and bring it back." Specific assignment beats general request every time. People freeze when you yell "someone call 911" — they assume someone else will.
Knowing the signs of cardiac arrest helps you tell the dispatcher exactly what's happening. Sudden collapse. Unresponsive. Not breathing or only gasping. That's the script. Don't waste seconds describing the person's medical history — that comes later from EMS.
Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest, on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum). Put your other hand on top, lock your fingers, lock your elbows, and put your shoulders directly over your hands. Compress straight down, not at an angle. For an adult, push at least 2 inches deep — but no more than 2.4 inches. Let the chest fully recoil between each push. Full recoil matters as much as depth because it's what lets the heart refill with blood before the next compression squeezes it out again.
Rate is 100 to 120 per minute. That's faster than most people expect. The classic mental beat is the Bee Gees' "Stayin' Alive" — 103 bpm — or "Another One Bites the Dust" if you prefer Queen's slightly darker take. Count out loud: "one and two and three and four" up to 30. Then stop, give breaths if you're trained, and resume.
After 30 compressions, open the airway. Place one hand on the forehead and tilt the head back gently. Use two fingers of your other hand to lift the chin. This moves the tongue off the back of the throat — the most common airway block in an unconscious adult.
Pinch the nose shut. Make a seal over the person's mouth with yours. Blow steadily for about 1 second — just enough to see the chest rise. Take a breath. Give a second one. Then resume compressions immediately. Total breath time should be under 10 seconds. Long breathing pauses kill compression effectiveness. If the chest doesn't rise on your first breath, reposition the head and try again. If it still doesn't rise on the second, go straight back to compressions — the airway might be blocked and chest compressions can sometimes dislodge an obstruction.
For infants, cover both the nose and mouth with your mouth and give small puffs — about the size of a cheek's worth of air. Adult-sized breaths will overinflate infant lungs. The rescue breathing technique is the same head-tilt-chin-lift for children, with a normal-sized breath sized to chest rise.
An AED — automated external defibrillator — is the single biggest survival multiplier in cardiac arrest. Bystander CPR doubles survival. Bystander CPR plus an AED within 3 to 5 minutes can push survival above 50% in some studies. That's not a small effect. That's the difference between funerals and family dinners.
When the AED arrives, turn it on. The device talks to you. Follow what it says — every consumer-grade AED is designed for someone who has never used one. Peel the pads and stick them to bare skin: one on the upper right chest below the collarbone, one on the lower left side under the armpit. For children under 8 or under 55 pounds, use pediatric pads if available. If not, adult pads work — just don't let them touch each other. Correct AED pad placement matters because the shock has to cross the heart.
The AED analyzes the rhythm. Stop touching the person while it does. If it says "shock advised," make sure nobody is touching them, then press the button. Immediately resume compressions for another 2 minutes — don't wait for the AED to talk again. After 2 minutes the AED will re-analyze. Repeat the cycle.
Most bystanders who attempt CPR get one or more of these wrong. Knowing them in advance helps.
The framework is the same — check, call, compress, breathe, defibrillate. The mechanics scale to the body in front of you. An adult chest is bigger and stiffer, so it needs more force. A child's chest is more compliant. An infant's chest is tiny enough that two fingers do what two hands do for an adult.
For adults, sudden collapse is almost always a cardiac problem — call 911 first, then start CPR. For children and infants, arrest is more often respiratory — they stopped breathing first and the heart followed. If you're alone with an unresponsive child or infant, give 2 minutes of CPR first, then call 911. "Call first" for adults. "Care first" for kids. The exception: if the child collapsed witnessed and suddenly — like during sports — call 911 first because that's more likely a cardiac event.
When two people are working on an infant, the chest compressions switch to the two-thumb encircling-hands technique. Wrap both hands around the chest with thumbs side by side on the lower sternum, just below the nipple line. Compress with the thumbs while the hands support the back. Better depth control than two fingers. The compression-to-breath ratio also changes — 15:2 for two-rescuer infant and child CPR, not 30:2.
Hands-Only CPR means compressions without rescue breaths. The AHA introduced it as a layperson recommendation because most untrained bystanders won't do CPR at all if they think they have to put their mouth on a stranger. Removing the breath requirement increases the chance someone tries at all — and any CPR beats no CPR.
It works for adult cardiac arrest because the blood already in the lungs and bloodstream still has oxygen for the first few minutes. Compressions circulate that oxygenated blood. After 4 to 6 minutes the oxygen runs out and breaths become more important — but EMS usually arrives by then, or the AED has done its job. For specifically what counts as Hands-Only and when to use it, the what is Hands-Only CPR breakdown covers the rules in more depth.
Hands-Only does not apply when:
You stop when one of four things happens. EMS arrives and takes over — most common, and the moment you've been waiting for. The person shows signs of life — they move, cough, breathe normally on their own. An AED tells you to stop and analyzes — pause for the rhythm check, then resume per its prompts. You become physically unable to continue — you're exhausted, the scene becomes unsafe, or another rescuer is ready to take over.
You do not stop because the person doesn't seem to be responding. CPR rarely revives anyone on its own — it keeps them alive long enough for definitive care. Keep going. If you're tired and have someone with you, swap every 2 minutes. Fresh arms hit better depth.
You don't legally need certification to perform basic CPR on a stranger in any U.S. state. Good Samaritan laws protect any reasonable bystander acting in good faith. That said, if you work in healthcare, childcare, fitness, education, or any role that involves vulnerable people, your employer likely requires a card.
The most common are American Heart Association BLS (healthcare provider) and American Red Cross CPR/AED (general public). For deeper training that includes airway adjuncts and rhythm recognition, basic life support certification is the standard healthcare credential. Certifications typically run 4 hours classroom or 2 hours blended online plus a skills check, and they last 2 years.
Research from the AHA shows CPR skill retention drops sharply after six months. Hand placement drifts. Compression depth gets shallower. Rate slows. Recall of the sequence fades. The AHA now recommends short skills refreshers every 3 to 6 months for healthcare providers, even though formal recertification stays on a 2-year cycle.
For laypeople, the same logic applies. Watch a 60-second refresher video twice a year. Mentally walk through the 6 steps on your morning commute. If your workplace has a manikin available — a lot of corporate gyms and AED stations do — drop down and do a 2-minute set every few months. It feels silly until the day you need it and your hands already know what to do.
One useful drill: time yourself counting to 30 compressions out loud. If it takes 15 to 18 seconds, you're in the 100-120/min target zone. Faster than 15 seconds and you're too quick — depth suffers. Slower than 18 and you've drifted under 100/min. This drill works on a pillow, a folded towel, even a firm couch cushion. The motor memory transfers to the real chest later.
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival hovers around 10% nationally. In communities with high bystander CPR rates — Seattle, parts of Denmark, parts of Japan — survival climbs above 20%. Same EMS systems. Same hospitals. Same drugs. The variable is who's standing there in the first 4 minutes and whether they act.
That's the premise of public CPR education. You aren't being asked to be a paramedic. You're being asked to compress a chest at a steady rate for a few minutes while help arrives. The bar is low. The impact is enormous. If you finish this guide and remember nothing else: push hard, push fast, don't stop.
Person collapses. Scene check, responsiveness check, no response. Begin.
Call 911 (or delegate). Phone on speaker. Brain damage clock starts.
Compressions begin. Rate 100-120, depth 2 inches. Cycle 30:2.
If another rescuer is present, swap. Fatigue tanks compression depth fast.
AED ideally arrives. Pads on. Rhythm analysis. Shock if advised.
Continue 30:2 between AED prompts. Most EMS responses land here.
Brain damage risk climbs sharply without effective CPR or AED shock.
Definition: Puberty and above (visible secondary sex characteristics).
Call first: If alone, call 911 before starting CPR — adult arrest is usually cardiac.
Compressions: Two hands, lower half of sternum. At least 2 inches deep, 100-120/min, 30:2 ratio.
Breaths: Head-tilt chin-lift. Pinch nose. 1-second breath, watch for chest rise.
Hands-Only acceptable: Yes, for untrained bystanders.
Definition: 1 year to onset of puberty.
Care first: If alone, give 2 minutes of CPR before calling 911 — child arrest is usually respiratory.
Compressions: One or two hands on lower sternum. About 2 inches (1/3 chest depth). 100-120/min, 30:2 single rescuer or 15:2 two rescuers.
Breaths: Same technique as adult, normal breath sized to chest rise.
Hands-Only acceptable: No — give breaths.
Definition: Under 1 year old.
Care first: Same as child — 2 minutes CPR before calling 911 if alone.
Compressions: Two fingers (lone rescuer) or two-thumb encircling (two rescuers). About 1.5 inches (1/3 chest depth). 100-120/min, 30:2 single or 15:2 two rescuers.
Breaths: Cover mouth and nose with your mouth. Small puffs — cheek-size, not lung-size.
Hands-Only acceptable: No.