FCLE Study Guide 2026

The 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection and due process, and granted citizenship to formerly enslaved persons.

Affirmative action refers to policies and programs designed to address past and present discrimination by promoting equal opportunities for historically disadvantaged groups, particularly in employment and education. These measures aim to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas where they have been underrepresented.

Florida seceded from the Union on January 10, 1861, and became one of the original Confederate States of America.

The U.S. Supreme Court currently has 9 justices: one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices.

The social contract theory posits that individuals voluntarily surrender some of their natural freedoms to a state in exchange for protection and the maintenance of social order. This agreement forms the basis of legitimate political authority, where the state's power is derived from the consent of the governed. It explains the reciprocal obligations between citizens and their government.

In Tinker v. Des Moines, the Supreme Court ruled that students retain their First Amendment rights in public schools, famously stating they do not 'shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate.'