CET CET Hemodynamic Assessment & Measurements

Question 1

Using the simplified Bernoulli equation, what is the pressure gradient across a valve if the peak velocity is 4 m/s?

Accepted Answer

64 mmHg

Answer

The simplified Bernoulli equation is ΔP = 4V², so ΔP = 4 × (4)² = 4 × 16 = 64 mmHg.

Question 2

Which Doppler method is the standard for estimating pulmonary artery systolic pressure non-invasively?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity plus estimated right atrial pressure

Answer

PASP = 4(TRV)² + estimated RAP; the peak TR velocity is squared and multiplied by 4 (Bernoulli) and added to estimated right atrial pressure.

Question 3

What does a stroke volume (SV) calculation using the LVOT method require?

Accepted Answer

LVOT diameter and LVOT velocity-time integral (VTI)

Answer

Stroke volume via LVOT = CSA × VTI, where CSA = π(D/2)² derived from the LVOT diameter, and VTI is traced from pulsed-wave Doppler at the LVOT.

Question 4

Which tissue Doppler parameter is most commonly used to estimate left ventricular filling pressures non-invasively?

Accepted Answer

E/e' ratio (mitral E velocity divided by tissue Doppler e' velocity)

Answer

The E/e' ratio correlates with mean left atrial pressure; E/e' >14 using the average of septal and lateral e' suggests elevated LV filling pressures.

Question 5

What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by echocardiography?

Accepted Answer

52–72%

Answer

Normal LVEF is ≥52% in men and ≥54% in women per current ASE/EACVI guidelines, with 52–72% representing the normal range.

(CET) Certified Echocardiography Technician Practice Test