CET CET Hemodynamic Assessment & Measurements

Question 1

Using the simplified Bernoulli equation, what is the pressure gradient across a valve if the peak velocity is 4 m/s?

Accepted Answer

64 mmHg

Answer

16 mmHg

Answer

32 mmHg

Answer

48 mmHg

Question 2

Which Doppler method is the standard for estimating pulmonary artery systolic pressure non-invasively?

Accepted Answer

Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity plus estimated right atrial pressure

Answer

Pulmonary valve acceleration time

Answer

Pulmonary artery end-diastolic velocity

Answer

Ratio of mitral E to tissue Doppler e' velocity

Question 3

What does a stroke volume (SV) calculation using the LVOT method require?

Accepted Answer

LVOT diameter and LVOT velocity-time integral (VTI)

Answer

Peak mitral E velocity and deceleration time

Answer

Peak aortic velocity and mean gradient

Answer

Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes

Question 4

Which tissue Doppler parameter is most commonly used to estimate left ventricular filling pressures non-invasively?

Accepted Answer

E/e' ratio (mitral E velocity divided by tissue Doppler e' velocity)

Answer

Mitral annular S' velocity

Answer

Peak tricuspid annular systolic velocity

Answer

Peak pulmonary venous S velocity

Question 5

What is the normal range for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by echocardiography?

Accepted Answer

52–72%

Answer

40–50%

Answer

45–55%

Answer

60–75%

Question 6

The continuity equation is used to calculate which cardiac measurement?

Accepted Answer

Aortic valve area (AVA)

Answer

Pulmonary artery systolic pressure

Answer

Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure

Answer

Mitral valve area by PHT