MD Renal and Urinary Systems 2

Question 1

A patient with nephrotic syndrome has a serum albumin of 1.8 g/dL. Which complication is most directly caused by hypoalbuminemia?

Accepted Answer

Edema from reduced oncotic pressure

Answer

Hypoalbuminemia reduces plasma oncotic pressure, allowing fluid to shift into the interstitium and causing edema.

Question 2

Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II and is inhibited by ACE inhibitors?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Answer

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) cleaves angiotensin I to form the vasoactive angiotensin II, and ACE inhibitors block this step.

Question 3

A 45-year-old man has recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones. Urinalysis shows hypercalciuria with normal serum calcium. Which dietary modification is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Increase dietary calcium intake

Answer

Adequate dietary calcium binds oxalate in the gut, reducing intestinal oxalate absorption and urinary oxalate excretion.

Question 4

A patient with chronic kidney disease has a GFR of 18 mL/min. Which electrolyte abnormality is most expected?

Accepted Answer

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer

Reduced GFR impairs phosphate excretion, leading to hyperphosphatemia in advanced CKD.

Question 5

Podocyte injury leading to foot process effacement is the hallmark of which glomerular disease?

Accepted Answer

Minimal change disease

Answer

Minimal change disease shows diffuse podocyte foot process effacement on electron microscopy with no changes on light microscopy.

MD - Doctor of Medicine Practice Test

MD - Doctor of Medicine Practice Test

MD Renal and Urinary Systems 2