DPM Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1

Question 1

Which class of antibiotics is most commonly used to treat diabetic foot infections?

Accepted Answer

Beta-lactams

Answer

Diabetic foot infections are frequently polymicrobial, involving a mix of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate) and cephalosporins, offer broad-spectrum coverage against many common pathogens. Their effectiveness and relatively favorable safety profile make them a cornerstone of treatment for these complex infections.

Question 2

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Accepted Answer

Inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes

Answer

NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs) exert their therapeutic effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2. These enzymes are responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are key mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever. By blocking prostaglandin production, NSAIDs effectively reduce these symptoms.

Question 3

Which of the following is a common side effect of opioid analgesics?

Accepted Answer

Constipation

Answer

Constipation is a very common and often debilitating side effect of opioid analgesics. Opioids bind to receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, which slows down gut motility and increases water absorption. This leads to hardened stools and difficulty with bowel movements, frequently requiring proactive management strategies.

Question 4

Which local anesthetic has the longest duration of action?

Accepted Answer

Bupivacaine

Answer

Bupivacaine is known for its significantly longer duration of action compared to other local anesthetics like lidocaine or mepivacaine. This extended effect is attributed to its higher lipid solubility and greater protein binding. These properties allow bupivacaine to remain at the nerve site for a prolonged period, providing sustained pain relief.

Question 5

Which antifungal is commonly used for onychomycosis?

Accepted Answer

Terbinafine

Answer

Terbinafine is an oral antifungal medication highly effective against dermatophytes, the most common cause of onychomycosis (fungal nail infections). It works by inhibiting squalene epoxidase, an enzyme crucial for fungal ergosterol synthesis, leading to the accumulation of toxic squalene and fungal cell death. Its targeted action makes it a preferred treatment.

(DPM) Doctor of Podiatric Medicine Practice Test

(DPM) Doctor of Podiatric Medicine Practice Test

DPM Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1