CLEP Psychology 2

Question 1

In classical conditioning, salivation to a bell that was previously paired with food is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A conditioned response

Answer

An unconditioned response

Answer

Operant reinforcement

Answer

Latent learning

Question 2

Which reinforcement schedule produces behavior most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 3

According to Piaget, object permanence — knowing an object exists even when out of sight — develops during the:

Accepted Answer

Sensorimotor stage

Answer

Preoperational stage

Answer

Concrete operational stage

Answer

Formal operational stage

Question 4

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing model, which type of encoding produces the most durable memory?

Accepted Answer

Semantic encoding based on meaning

Answer

Visual encoding based on word shape

Answer

Acoustic encoding based on how words sound

Answer

Episodic encoding of personal events

Question 5

The serial position effect in memory research refers to the finding that:

Accepted Answer

Items at the beginning and end of a list are recalled better than middle items

Answer

Only the middle items of a list are remembered well

Answer

Repeated items are always remembered best

Answer

Items that rhyme are easier to recall

Question 6

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is defined as:

Accepted Answer

The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guided assistance

Answer

The geographic zone optimal for cognitive development

Answer

The range of tasks a child can perform completely independently

Answer

The age range during which formal schooling is most effective

Question 7

The 'cocktail party effect' is a demonstration of:

Accepted Answer

Selective attention to personally relevant stimuli

Answer

The limits of divided attention

Answer

The attentional blink phenomenon

Answer

Inattentional blindness