CLAD V4.0 4 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: A teacher observes that an ELL student produces grammatically incorrect sentences that follow a predictable, rule-governed pattern different from both L1 and L2. This is called:
- Fossilization
- Interlanguage (Correct answer)
- Language attrition
- Semilingualism
Correct answer: Interlanguage
Interlanguage is the developing linguistic system of a second language learner that has its own systematic rules distinct from L1 and L2.
Question 2: Which of the following is an example of negative transfer (interference) from a student's L1?
- A Spanish-speaking student correctly uses cognates like 'animal' in English
- A Spanish-speaking student says 'I have hunger' instead of 'I am hungry' (Correct answer)
- A student uses context clues to infer meaning of unfamiliar English words
- A student applies English phonics rules they learned in class
Correct answer: A Spanish-speaking student says 'I have hunger' instead of 'I am hungry'
Negative transfer occurs when L1 structures are incorrectly applied to L2, as when Spanish 'tener hambre' (have hunger) is mapped directly into English.
Question 3: The affective filter hypothesis (Krashen) predicts that language acquisition is inhibited when students experience:
- Too much comprehensible input slightly above their level
- High anxiety, low motivation, or low self-confidence (Correct answer)
- Excessive exposure to native speakers
- Access to bilingual dictionaries during instruction
Correct answer: High anxiety, low motivation, or low self-confidence
A high affective filter caused by anxiety or low motivation blocks comprehensible input from being processed for acquisition.
Question 4: Which program model is most likely to produce the highest levels of bilingualism and biliteracy for ELL students?
- Structured English Immersion (SEI)
- Transitional Bilingual Education (TBE)
- Two-Way Dual Language Immersion (Correct answer)
- Pull-out ESL services only
Correct answer: Two-Way Dual Language Immersion
Two-way dual language programs develop high levels of bilingualism and biliteracy in both ELL students and native English speakers through sustained instruction in two languages.
Question 5: A teacher uses 'wait time' more consistently with ELL students after asking questions. This strategy supports ELL students by:
- Reducing the difficulty of the question
- Allowing additional processing time for formulating responses in English (Correct answer)
- Signaling lower expectations for ELL students
- Eliminating the need for language supports
Correct answer: Allowing additional processing time for formulating responses in English
Extended wait time gives ELL students the processing time needed to formulate responses in a second language without the pressure of rapid response.
Question 6: When planning instruction for ELL students, differentiated scaffolding should primarily be based on:
- Students' country of origin
- Students' English language proficiency levels and academic needs (Correct answer)
- The amount of time a student has been in the US
- Whether a student qualifies for special education services
Correct answer: Students' English language proficiency levels and academic needs
Scaffolding should be differentiated based on students' current English proficiency levels and specific academic language needs.
Question 7: A 'funds of knowledge' approach to working with ELL students and their families involves:
- Sending home English-only materials to encourage practice
- Conducting home visits and learning about community knowledge and practices (Correct answer)
- Asking parents to reduce home-language use
- Focusing exclusively on school-based knowledge
Correct answer: Conducting home visits and learning about community knowledge and practices
The funds of knowledge framework, developed by Luis Moll, uses home visits to identify and leverage the knowledge, skills, and cultural practices of students' families.
CLAD V4.0 4
A teacher observes that an ELL student produces grammatically incorrect sentences that follow a predictable, rule-governed pattern different from both L1 and L2.
This is called: