AMLS Study Guide 2026

Persistent hypotension after adequate fluid resuscitation in septic shock requires vasopressors, with norepinephrine as first-line.

HHS predominantly affects older adults with type 2 diabetes, especially during physiologic stress (e.g., infection) that impairs fluid intake and causes profound dehydration, while their residual insulin prevents ketogenesis.

Distributive shock (e.g., septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic) causes massive vasodilation, reducing SVR while initially increasing cardiac output.

The most common cause of a pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot, specifically one that originates in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis, a condition known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). This clot then breaks off, travels through the bloodstream, and lodges in the pulmonary arteries, blocking blood flow to the lungs. Other types of emboli are far less common.

Acetaminophen overdose causes hepatic necrosis, leading to markedly elevated liver enzymes (AST/ALT) in the delayed phase 24–72 hours post-ingestion.

In emergency medical care, the very first step in patient assessment is performing a scene size-up. This involves quickly assessing the safety of the scene for both the rescuer and the patient, identifying potential hazards, and determining the nature of the illness or mechanism of injury. Ensuring scene safety is paramount before approaching the patient and initiating direct care.