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Database Basics Flashcards

7 cards from real Web Development practice questions. Tap to flip, then mark Knew It or Still Learning — missed cards come back until you master them.

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  1. Which SQL clause filters rows AFTER aggregation has been applied?

    Answer: HAVING

    HAVING filters grouped/aggregated results, whereas WHERE filters individual rows before grouping.

  2. What does the term 'cardinality' refer to in a database relationship?

    Answer: The number of related records between two entities

    Cardinality describes how many instances of one entity relate to instances of another (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many).

  3. Which isolation level prevents dirty reads but still allows non-repeatable reads?

    Answer: Read Committed

    Read Committed prevents dirty reads by only reading committed data but allows non-repeatable reads if another transaction commits between reads.

  4. What is a composite key?

    Answer: A key made up of two or more columns

    A composite key uses two or more columns together to uniquely identify a row in a table.

  5. Which type of JOIN returns only rows where there is a match in BOTH tables?

    Answer: INNER JOIN

    INNER JOIN returns only the rows that have matching values in both joined tables.

  6. What does DDL stand for in SQL?

    Answer: Data Definition Language

    DDL (Data Definition Language) includes commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP that define database structure.

  7. Which normal form eliminates transitive dependencies?

    Answer: 3NF

    Third Normal Form (3NF) requires that non-key columns depend only on the primary key, eliminating transitive dependencies.

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