Most retail empires look inevitable in hindsight. They don't feel that way when they start. When Sam Walton opened the first Walmart in Rogers, Arkansas on July 2, 1962, he was a 44-year-old discount retailer who'd already failed at one store location and had been forced out of another. Nobody mistook him for the man who'd one day build the world's largest private employer.
And yet, here we are. Walmart operates over 10,500 stores across 24 countries, employs more than 2.1 million associates in the United States alone, and pulls in annual revenue north of $600 billion. Understanding how that happened — and why it matters if you're applying for a job there — is worth your time.
Samuel Moore Walton was born in 1918 in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. He grew up during the Great Depression, which shaped his lifelong obsession with keeping prices low and expenses lower. After graduating from the University of Missouri in 1940 with a degree in economics, he served briefly in the Army during World War II before launching his retail career.
His first store was a Ben Franklin franchise in Newport, Arkansas. He turned it into the top-performing Ben Franklin in the region — then lost the lease when his landlord refused to renew it. His landlord's son wanted the location. Walton was out.
He didn't quit. He opened another Ben Franklin in Bentonville, Arkansas, which became the town Walmart still calls home. And then, in 1962, he opened the first Walmart Discount City. The concept was simple and radical: pass savings directly to customers by keeping overhead brutally low and buying volume directly from manufacturers. No middlemen. No markup theater.
It worked.
The first Walmart store was in Rogers, Arkansas — not Bentonville, which is a detail that surprises people. The store was straightforward: warehouse-style layout, bare bones décor, and prices that genuinely undercut the competition. Walton drove the buying process himself, negotiating directly with suppliers and cutting deals no one else was getting.
By 1967, the Walton family had 24 stores generating $12.6 million in sales. Growth was rapid but controlled — Walton insisted on staying within driving distance of the Bentonville distribution center. He didn't want to expand faster than he could manage logistics.
Walmart went public in 1970 on the New York Stock Exchange. The IPO raised capital that funded an aggressive expansion into new states. Anyone who bought Walmart stock at the IPO and held it has experienced one of the most profitable investments in American corporate history.
Through the 1970s, Walmart spread methodically through the South and Midwest. Walton's strategy was deliberate: dominate rural and small-town markets that larger retailers like Sears and Kmart ignored. If a market had 25,000–100,000 people, it was Walmart territory. Big-city competitors didn't bother competing there — and Walmart crushed local competition without facing national pushback.
By 1980, Walmart had crossed $1 billion in annual sales. By 1985, it was the largest retailer in the United States.
Several operational innovations drove this growth:
In 1988, Walmart opened its first Supercenter — a format that combined a full-size Walmart discount store with a complete grocery store under one roof. It was a massive bet on one-stop shopping, and it changed American retail permanently.
The Supercenter concept hit at exactly the right moment. As more households added a second working adult, time became scarce. Buying groceries, electronics, clothing, and household goods in a single trip wasn't just convenient — it was transformative. Walmart's competitors scrambled to respond, but Walmart had a decade's head start on the supply chain infrastructure needed to run the format profitably.
By the late 1990s, Walmart Supercenters were displacing traditional grocery chains in market after market. Communities that once supported three or four independent grocers found themselves with one Walmart and nothing else.
Sam Walton died on April 5, 1992, from multiple myeloma. He was 74. The company he'd built from one store in Rogers, Arkansas was, by that point, the largest retailer in the United States with over 1,700 stores and $43 billion in annual revenue.
The Walton family retained controlling ownership through Walton Enterprises, a family holding company. Sam's son S. Robson "Rob" Walton became chairman of the board. The family's combined stake — roughly 47–50% of Walmart shares — makes the Waltons collectively the wealthiest family in the United States by a substantial margin.
Walmart continued expanding rapidly after Sam's death, arguably accelerating. The Supercenter rollout intensified. International expansion began in earnest. The company's size gave it negotiating leverage that no competitor could match — not even close.
Walmart's first international foray was a joint venture in Mexico in 1991, which eventually became Walmart de México y Centroamérica (Walmex) — today the largest retail chain in Latin America. The Mexico expansion worked because Walmart adapted its model: smaller formats, different product mixes, and local sourcing.
Subsequent international moves were more mixed:
The lesson from Walmart's international history is that the formula that worked in rural America didn't automatically translate elsewhere. Markets with strong existing retail infrastructure, different shopping cultures, or regulatory complexity proved harder to crack.
For years, Walmart was Amazon's punchline in the e-commerce conversation. Amazon had a decade's head start in digital retail infrastructure, and Walmart's early online efforts were underwhelming.
The $3.3 billion acquisition of Jet.com in 2016 changed the trajectory. Jet's founder, Marc Lore, became CEO of Walmart's U.S. e-commerce operations and brought a Silicon Valley playbook to Bentonville. Walmart invested aggressively in fulfillment infrastructure, same-day grocery delivery, curbside pickup, and acquired a portfolio of digitally-native brands (Moosejaw, Bonobos, Eloquii).
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated everything. Walmart's pickup and delivery infrastructure — built out over 2017–2020 — became essential overnight. E-commerce sales surged, and Walmart found itself genuinely competing with Amazon in grocery delivery in ways it hadn't before. Walmart+ launched in 2020 as a direct Amazon Prime competitor: $98/year for free delivery, fuel discounts, and exclusive deals.
Walmart's e-commerce business now generates tens of billions in annual sales, though it's still well behind Amazon in total online market share.
If you're reading this because you're applying to Walmart — or preparing for the Walmart Pathways Graduation Assessment — understanding the company's culture and history gives you a real edge in interviews and assessments.
Walmart has four core values that show up in hiring decisions, performance reviews, and the culture you'll experience as an associate:
The Walmart Pathways assessment tests your alignment with these values through scenario-based questions. Knowing the history helps you understand where the values came from — Sam Walton's personal operating principles are still embedded in how the company runs more than 30 years after his death.
No honest history of Walmart omits the controversies. They're significant, they're well-documented, and they're part of the company's story:
Walmart has faced sustained criticism for wages, benefits, and scheduling practices. For most of its history, the company's starting wages were significantly below living wage standards in the markets it operated. A concerted campaign by unions and labor advocates — combined with tightening labor markets — pushed Walmart to raise its minimum starting wage to $14–$15/hour by 2023, with higher minimums in high-cost markets. The company remains largely non-union in the United States.
The "Walmart effect" on small towns is well-studied: when a Walmart opens, local retailers — hardware stores, clothing shops, pharmacies — tend to close within a few years. The economic impact is debated. Walmart creates jobs and lowers prices; it also displaces existing businesses and can change the character of communities in ways residents don't always welcome.
Walmart's supply chain has faced scrutiny over labor conditions at overseas manufacturers. The company has made public commitments to supply chain transparency, sustainability targets, and reduced emissions — though critics argue implementation has lagged behind the rhetoric.
In 2012, the New York Times reported that Walmart had paid bribes to Mexican officials to speed store approvals and had suppressed an internal investigation into those payments. The company eventually paid $282 million to resolve U.S. Department of Justice and SEC investigations — one of the largest Foreign Corrupt Practices Act settlements at the time.
These controversies don't define Walmart, but they're part of the complete picture. The company's scale means its decisions affect millions of people — associates, suppliers, communities, and customers — in ways that smaller organizations simply don't.
As of 2024, Walmart operates:
The company's strategic priorities have shifted in recent years toward higher-margin businesses. Walmart+ subscriptions, advertising (the Walmart Connect platform), and financial services (through its subsidiary One Finance) are growing faster than core retail. The company is investing in automation — autonomous shelf scanners, AI-driven inventory management, automated distribution centers — to reduce operating costs as labor costs rise.
Healthcare is another emerging focus. Walmart opened health clinics in stores starting in 2019, offering primary care visits at significantly below-market rates. The initiative has grown to dozens of locations, though it's still small relative to the company's core retail operations.
For job applicants, this context matters. Walmart is no longer purely a retail company. It's a logistics and technology company that runs the world's largest retail operation. Roles in supply chain, data analytics, advertising technology, and healthcare are growing alongside traditional store-level positions.
Walmart employs more Americans than any other private company. The working experience varies considerably by location and management — some stores have strong cultures and clear advancement paths; others don't. Here's what the data shows:
If you're preparing for Walmart's hiring process, understanding the Walmart Pathways assessment is important — it's part of onboarding for most store positions and tests situational judgment and knowledge of Walmart's service standards.