Logical Reasoning & Analysis Flashcards
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Read the first 7 Logical Reasoning & Analysis flashcards as text
Which of the following most strengthens an argument that relies on a survey's results?
Answer: The survey used a large, randomly selected sample representative of the population.
A large, random, representative sample minimizes bias and makes the survey's findings more reliable and generalizable.
Which of the following describes an 'appeal to ignorance' fallacy?
Answer: Claiming something is true because no one has proven it false.
Appeal to ignorance treats the absence of disproof as proof, which is logically invalid.
In formal logic, which of the following is an example of 'affirming the consequent' (an invalid form)?
Answer: If P then Q; Q is true; therefore P is true.
Affirming the consequent incorrectly concludes that P must be true just because Q is true, ignoring other possible causes of Q.
A politician says: 'Experts who disagree with my climate policy are paid by special interests.' This attempts to:
Answer: Discredit the source rather than the argument's content.
Attacking the funding source of critics (an ad hominem variant) sidesteps the actual scientific arguments they make.
Which of the following is the best example of inductive reasoning?
Answer: Every swan I have ever observed is white. Therefore all swans are probably white.
Generalizing from repeated specific observations to a probable universal conclusion is inductive reasoning.
A teacher says, 'Either students study harder or test scores will keep falling.' Which assumption is built into this statement?
Answer: Studying harder is the only way to improve test scores.
The statement ignores other possible interventions (better instruction, resources, test design) that might also raise scores.
Which of the following best distinguishes a 'fact' from an 'opinion' in analytical reading?
Answer: Facts can be verified through evidence or observation; opinions express personal judgments or preferences.
The key distinction is verifiability: facts can be confirmed objectively, while opinions reflect subjective evaluation.
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