Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Flashcards

A resident with diabetes reports feeling very thirsty and is urinating much more frequently than usual. The QMA checks their blood glucose, and the reading is 310 mg/dL. These symptoms are MOST indicative of which condition?

Answer: Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is characterized by symptoms such as excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and high blood glucose readings (generally above 180-200 mg/dL). The resident's reported symptoms and blood glucose level of 310 mg/dL are classic signs of hyperglycemia.

A QMA is caring for a resident who suddenly becomes pale, shaky, and sweaty. The resident is awake but seems confused. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

Answer: Hypoglycemia

The sudden onset of shakiness, sweating (diaphoresis), pallor, and confusion are hallmark symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). These symptoms occur as the brain is deprived of adequate glucose. Hyperglycemia and DKA symptoms typically develop more slowly.

Which of the following sets of symptoms is most consistent with a diagnosis of hyperglycemia?

Answer: Fruity-smelling breath, extreme thirst, and frequent urination

Fruity-smelling breath (a sign of ketones), extreme thirst (polydipsia), and frequent urination (polyuria) are classic signs of severe hyperglycemia and a potential progression to Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). The other answer choices list common symptoms of hypoglycemia.

A resident's blood glucose level is 60 mg/dL. They are conscious and able to follow commands. According to the "15-15 rule" for treating hypoglycemia, what is the QMA's appropriate first action?

Answer: Provide 15 grams of a fast-acting carbohydrate.

For a conscious resident with a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL, the standard procedure is the "15-15 rule." This involves giving 15 grams of a fast-acting carbohydrate, such as juice or glucose tablets, and then waiting 15 minutes to recheck the blood sugar. A glucagon injection is reserved for severe hypoglycemia where the resident is unconscious or unable to swallow.

A QMA is caring for a resident who has an infection and a fever. The QMA should be aware that this resident is at an increased risk for developing which condition?

Answer: Hyperglycemia, because illness and stress can raise blood sugar.

Illness, infection, and other forms of physical or emotional stress can cause the body to release hormones that raise blood glucose levels, leading to hyperglycemia. This is a crucial factor for a QMA to monitor in a diabetic resident who becomes ill.

A resident is found to have a blood glucose level of 45 mg/dL and is becoming drowsy and uncooperative. The QMA should recognize this as a serious situation because prolonged, severe hypoglycemia can lead to what outcome?

Answer: Seizures and coma

Severe hypoglycemia starves the brain of glucose, its primary energy source. If not treated promptly, this can lead to serious neurological consequences, including seizures, loss of consciousness (coma), and even death. The other options are complications associated with chronic or severe hyperglycemia.