Principles and Practice of Surveying (PS) Exam — Questions and Answers

Question 1: What is the primary reason surveyors apply an elevation factor (sea-level factor) when working in a State Plane coordinate system?

To account for the geoid-ellipsoid separation
To convert from metric to US survey feet
To correct for atmospheric refraction
To reduce ground distances to the ellipsoid surface (Correct answer)

Correct answer: To reduce ground distances to the ellipsoid surface

The elevation factor reduces ground-level distances to the ellipsoidal surface before applying the grid scale factor.

Question 2: A surveyor who stamps a boundary survey as a 'topographic survey' to avoid triggering a state's minimum technical standards for boundary surveys is:

Following standard practice when boundary data is secondary to topo data
Compliant if a disclaimer is added to the title block
Engaging in misrepresentation and violation of professional standards (Correct answer)
Permitted if the client requests the labeling

Correct answer: Engaging in misrepresentation and violation of professional standards

Mislabeling a survey to evade regulatory requirements is misrepresentation and professional misconduct regardless of client preference or added disclaimers.

Question 3: When using the Compass (Bowditch) Rule to balance a traverse, the correction to each course is distributed proportionally to:

An equal share among all courses regardless of length
The bearing angle of each course
The latitude magnitude of each course relative to the sum of all latitudes
The length of each individual course relative to the total perimeter (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The length of each individual course relative to the total perimeter

The Compass Rule assumes that angular and linear errors are equally likely, so it distributes corrections proportionally to course length.

Question 4: The phrase 'practice surveying' as defined in most state licensing acts typically includes:

Drafting topographic maps for environmental studies only
Determining the location of boundaries and preparing plats for public record (Correct answer)
Performing soil borings for geotechnical reports
Operating GPS equipment for construction staking under an engineer's supervision

Correct answer: Determining the location of boundaries and preparing plats for public record

Most state licensing laws define the practice of surveying as including boundary determination, land description preparation, and plat preparation for recordation.

Question 5: When staking a sewer line by the invert method, the cut noted on the stake refers to:

The depth of the trench below existing grade
The amount of soil to remove to reach natural ground
The difference between manhole rim and pipe crown
The depth from the top of the stake to the pipe invert elevation (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The depth from the top of the stake to the pipe invert elevation

In sewer staking, 'cut' is the vertical distance from the top of the offset stake to the design pipe invert, telling the excavator exactly how deep to dig.

Question 6: Which of the following situations most clearly requires a licensed surveyor to withdraw from a project?

An adjoining landowner questions the surveyor's methodology
The client instructs the surveyor to use methods that would produce a fraudulent result (Correct answer)
The client requests a tighter delivery schedule
A subcontractor proposes using newer equipment than originally planned

Correct answer: The client instructs the surveyor to use methods that would produce a fraudulent result

A surveyor must withdraw from a project when continuing would require them to engage in fraudulent or unethical conduct at the client's direction.

Question 7: When a deed description closes mathematically but the actual parcel differs from what was intended, the appropriate remedy is typically:

Re-survey by the original surveyor only
Deed reformation by a court of equity (Correct answer)
Adverse possession claim by the grantee
Automatic correction by the county recorder

Correct answer: Deed reformation by a court of equity

Deed reformation is an equitable remedy where a court corrects a written deed to reflect the true agreement of the parties when the document fails to do so due to mistake.

Question 8: What does PDOP stand for and what does it measure?

Phase Dilution of Precision — carrier phase noise level
Precision Delay of Output — data latency index
Positional Dilution of Precision — geometric strength of satellite configuration in 3D (Correct answer)
Potential Delay of Position — ionospheric delay factor

Correct answer: Positional Dilution of Precision — geometric strength of satellite configuration in 3D

PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) quantifies how the geometric arrangement of satellites magnifies ranging errors into position errors in three dimensions.

Question 9: Point A has coordinates N 5,432.18, E 3,217.45 and Point B has coordinates N 4,891.32, E 3,648.72. What is the departure (ΔE) from A to B?

+540.86 ft
−540.86 ft
−431.27 ft
+431.27 ft (Correct answer)

Correct answer: +431.27 ft

Departure ΔE = E_B − E_A = 3,648.72 − 3,217.45 = +431.27 ft (eastward).

Question 10: What is 'ambiguity resolution' in the context of RTK GNSS?

Calibrating the receiver's code tracking loop
Solving for the integer number of full carrier-phase cycles between satellite and receiver (Correct answer)
Computing the tropospheric wet delay from meteorological data
Determining the satellite clock correction

Correct answer: Solving for the integer number of full carrier-phase cycles between satellite and receiver

Ambiguity resolution determines the unknown integer number of complete carrier wavelengths in the phase measurement, enabling centimeter-level positioning.

Question 11: When a PLSS aliquot part description says 'SW¼ NE¼ Section 22,' which quarter is identified first in the reading order?

The smallest (innermost) subdivision listed first (Correct answer)
The largest (outermost) subdivision of the section listed first
Both quarters are the same size, so order is irrelevant
Reading order varies by state BLM office

Correct answer: The smallest (innermost) subdivision listed first

PLSS aliquot descriptions are read inside-out: SW¼ NE¼ means the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter — the smallest subdivision is named first, then progressively larger ones.

Question 12: What is the main advantage of using modern surveying technology?

It requires less training.
It increases accuracy and speed (Correct answer)
It can only be used for topographic surveys.
It removes the need for skilled professionals.

Correct answer: It increases accuracy and speed

Modern surveying technology, such as total stations, GPS, LiDAR, and drones, significantly enhances the efficiency and precision of data collection. These advanced tools automate many measurement processes, reducing human error and allowing surveyors to complete complex tasks much faster than traditional methods. This leads to more reliable results, quicker project turnaround times, and the ability to gather richer data.

Question 13: When a contour line crosses a road cut or embankment on a topographic map, the contour typically shows a:

Complete gap in the contour line
Smooth uninterrupted line
Sharp angular bend across the cut slope, then continues (Correct answer)
Dashed line through the disturbed area

Correct answer: Sharp angular bend across the cut slope, then continues

At a road cut or fill embankment, contour lines bend sharply to follow the steep artificial slope face and then resume their natural course beyond the disturbance.

Question 14: Which factor would most likely cause a state licensing board to impose discipline on a licensed surveyor?

Submitting a plat with measurement errors that fall within normal tolerances
Practicing in a discipline (e.g., hydrographic surveying) outside demonstrated competency (Correct answer)
Using a total station manufactured outside the United States
Hiring licensed technicians from another state for field crew work

Correct answer: Practicing in a discipline (e.g., hydrographic surveying) outside demonstrated competency

Most codes of ethics and licensing acts require surveyors to practice only within their areas of demonstrated competency, and practicing outside that scope can lead to disciplinary action.

Question 15: In the context of construction layout & staking, what role does continuous professional development play for PS practitioners?

It serves primarily as a networking opportunity with no practical benefit
It ensures practitioners remain current with evolving standards, technologies, and best practices (Correct answer)
It is optional and only needed for career advancement
It is required only during the first year of certification

Correct answer: It ensures practitioners remain current with evolving standards, technologies, and best practices

Continuous professional development is essential in construction layout & staking because it ensures PS practitioners remain current with evolving standards, technologies, and best practices, maintaining competency throughout their careers.

Question 16: A vertical curve is needed to connect a +3.50% grade to a −2.00% grade. If the curve length is 600 ft, what is the algebraic difference in grades (A)?

−5.50%
1.50%
2.75%
5.50% (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 5.50%

A = g2 − g1 = −2.00% − (+3.50%) = −5.50%, and the absolute value |A| = 5.50% is used in design calculations.

Question 17: Which quality assurance method is most commonly applied in traverse & leveling calculations to verify that PS professional standards are being met?

Structured audits, peer reviews, and performance metrics aligned with industry benchmarks (Correct answer)
Relying on client satisfaction surveys as the sole measure of quality
Informal self-assessment without external validation
Annual reviews conducted exclusively by non-technical management

Correct answer: Structured audits, peer reviews, and performance metrics aligned with industry benchmarks

Structured audits, peer reviews, and performance metrics aligned with industry benchmarks are the most effective quality assurance methods in traverse & leveling calculations, providing objective, measurable evidence that PS standards are consistently met.

Question 18: What does 'aspect' refer to in terrain analysis derived from a topographic surface?

The total relief within a watershed
The steepness of the slope expressed as a percentage
The compass direction that a slope faces (Correct answer)
The curvature of the terrain surface

Correct answer: The compass direction that a slope faces

Aspect is the compass direction (azimuth) toward which a slope faces, determined from the direction of maximum downhill gradient.

Question 19: When running a differential level circuit, the purpose of using equal backsight and foresight distances is to eliminate the effect of:

Rod settlement and atmospheric refraction only
Curvature of the earth and atmospheric refraction (Correct answer)
Temperature fluctuations on the rod
Instrument centering error and parallax

Correct answer: Curvature of the earth and atmospheric refraction

Balancing backsight and foresight distances cancels systematic errors due to earth curvature and atmospheric refraction, since both affect the readings equally.

Question 20: A meander line in the PLSS was originally run along a lake shore. If the lake has since partially dried up, the meander line:

Becomes the new legal boundary of the parcel
Was never the legal boundary; the actual shoreline is the boundary (Correct answer)
Must be re-established by a BLM survey before any conveyance
Shifts automatically to the new shoreline under the reliction doctrine

Correct answer: Was never the legal boundary; the actual shoreline is the boundary

PLSS meander lines were surveying approximations of the shore, not legal boundaries; the actual water's edge (legal shoreline) is always the true boundary.

Question 21: A leveling loop of 12 km total length has a misclosure of 18 mm. Third-order leveling allows 12 mm√K (K in km). Does this loop meet the standard?

Yes — it meets first-order standards
No — 18 mm exceeds the 6 mm limit for K = 12
Yes — allowable = 41.6 mm; 18 mm < 41.6 mm so it passes (Correct answer)
No — 18 mm exceeds the 12 mm flat limit

Correct answer: Yes — allowable = 41.6 mm; 18 mm < 41.6 mm so it passes

Allowable misclosure = 12 mm × √12 ≈ 41.6 mm; since 18 mm < 41.6 mm, the loop meets third-order standards.

Question 22: A surveyor retracing an old deed encounters a discrepancy where the bearing calls are consistent but all distances are proportionally short by 3%. The most likely explanation is:

The scribe made a typographical error in every distance
The original survey used a chain that was too long (Correct answer)
The deed was prepared from an erroneous tax map
The original survey used a chain that was too short

Correct answer: The original survey used a chain that was too long

If all distances are proportionally short, the original chain was too long, causing each measured 100 feet to actually be slightly more, resulting in deed distances shorter than ground distances.

Question 23: A PS professional encounters an unfamiliar situation while performing construction layout & staking duties. What is the most appropriate first action?

Consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor before proceeding (Correct answer)
Skip the task entirely and move to the next assignment
Apply a solution from an unrelated field without verification
Proceed based on general assumptions to avoid delays

Correct answer: Consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor before proceeding

When facing unfamiliar situations in construction layout & staking, the most appropriate action is to consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor. This ensures safety, accuracy, and compliance while building professional knowledge.

Question 24: In the context of professional liability & ethics, what role does continuous professional development play for PS practitioners?

It ensures practitioners remain current with evolving standards, technologies, and best practices (Correct answer)
It serves primarily as a networking opportunity with no practical benefit
It is optional and only needed for career advancement
It is required only during the first year of certification

Correct answer: It ensures practitioners remain current with evolving standards, technologies, and best practices

Continuous professional development is essential in professional liability & ethics because it ensures PS practitioners remain current with evolving standards, technologies, and best practices, maintaining competency throughout their careers.

Question 25: What legal principle holds that when a deed is ambiguous, it is construed against the grantor?

Estoppel by deed
Doctrine of merger
Nemo dat quod non habet
Contra proferentem (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Contra proferentem

Contra proferentem is the rule that ambiguous deed language is construed against the drafter, who is typically the grantor.

Question 26: When distributing closure error in a differential leveling circuit among multiple sections, the correction for each section is proportional to:

The absolute elevation change in each section
The number of turning points in each section
An equal share distributed to every turning point
The length of that section relative to the total circuit length (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The length of that section relative to the total circuit length

Leveling misclosure is distributed proportionally to section length — longer sections absorb a larger share of the closure error.

Question 27: What is the primary ethical obligation of a PS professional when a conflict of interest arises during professional liability & ethics activities?

Resolve the conflict privately without informing stakeholders
Disclose the conflict to all relevant parties and recuse from the decision if necessary (Correct answer)
Ignore the conflict if it does not directly affect the current task
Proceed while favoring the outcome that benefits the professional personally

Correct answer: Disclose the conflict to all relevant parties and recuse from the decision if necessary

The primary ethical obligation when a conflict of interest arises in professional liability & ethics is to disclose it to all relevant parties and, if necessary, recuse from the decision. This maintains professional integrity and stakeholder trust.

Question 28: LiDAR point cloud data collected from an airborne platform is referenced to ground elevation using:

Barometric pressure altimetry only
Magnetic declination models
Tide gauge readings
Ground control points and GPS/IMU data from the aircraft (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Ground control points and GPS/IMU data from the aircraft

Airborne LiDAR uses onboard GPS to track the aircraft position and an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) to track orientation; ground control points verify and refine the absolute accuracy.

Question 29: Which of the following best describes the geoid undulation (N) and its role in GNSS-derived elevations?

N is the PDOP value used to weight vertical measurements
N is the atmospheric refraction correction applied to GNSS heights
N is the separation between the ellipsoid and the geoid, used to convert ellipsoid heights to orthometric heights via H = h − N (Correct answer)
N is the ellipsoid height; it converts orthometric heights to GPS heights

Correct answer: N is the separation between the ellipsoid and the geoid, used to convert ellipsoid heights to orthometric heights via H = h − N

Geoid undulation N relates ellipsoid height h (from GNSS) to orthometric height H (used in engineering and surveying) by H = h − N.

Question 30: Which NOAA geoid model is the current standard used in the contiguous United States for converting GPS ellipsoidal heights to NAVD 88 orthometric heights?

GEOID09
GEOID18 (Correct answer)
GEOID12B
GEOID03

Correct answer: GEOID18

GEOID18 is the current NGS geoid model for the contiguous US, superseding GEOID12B for NAD83/NAVD88 conversions.

Question 31: Which triangulation figure provides the strongest network geometry and is used in primary control surveys?

Quadrilateral without center point
Open polygon
Simple chain of triangles
Braced quadrilateral (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Braced quadrilateral

The braced quadrilateral (four sides and both diagonals) provides redundant angle observations and strong geometry, making it the preferred figure for primary triangulation networks.

Question 32: In photogrammetric surveying, the 'flying height' above the datum divided by the camera focal length equals:

Photo scale denominator (Correct answer)
Ground sample distance
Overlap percentage
Base-to-height ratio

Correct answer: Photo scale denominator

Photo scale = f / H, where f is the focal length and H is the flying height above datum; thus H/f equals the scale denominator.

Question 33: A grade rod reading taken at a proposed manhole rim elevation of 487.30 gives a reading of 3.46. What is the HI of the level?

483.84
484.76
490.76 (Correct answer)
491.30

Correct answer: 490.76

HI = elevation + rod reading = 487.30 + 3.46 = 490.76 ft.

Question 34: A surveyor is asked to sign and seal plans prepared by an unlicensed individual. This practice is commonly called:

Professional mentorship
Delegation of authority
Plan stamping or rubber stamping (Correct answer)
Sub-licensing

Correct answer: Plan stamping or rubber stamping

Signing and sealing work that the licensed surveyor did not supervise or prepare is called 'rubber stamping' and is prohibited as it misrepresents professional oversight.

Question 35: A deed to 'riparian land' along a non-navigable stream presumptively grants the owner title to:

The opposite bank
The thread (centerline) of the stream (Correct answer)
The near bank only
Only the dry land above the ordinary high water mark

Correct answer: The thread (centerline) of the stream

Under the common law riparian doctrine, ownership of land bordering a non-navigable stream extends to the thread (centerline) of the stream unless the deed expressly limits the boundary to the bank.

Question 36: The 'scale factor' applied in state plane coordinate (SPC) computations accounts for the difference between:

NAD83 and NAD27 datum origins
Magnetic azimuth and grid azimuth
Grid distance and ground distance (Correct answer)
Astronomic latitude and geodetic latitude

Correct answer: Grid distance and ground distance

The SPC scale factor (k) converts between ground distance and grid distance: Grid Distance = Ground Distance × k, correcting for the distortion introduced by map projection.

Question 37: A storm drain inlet is to be located 42.5 ft right of centerline station 18+75. Which field operation locates it correctly?

Measure 42.5 ft diagonally from the nearest centerline stake
Set a stake 42.5 ft right of the right-of-way line
Measure along the perpendicular from the centerline stake at 18+75 to 42.5 ft offset (Correct answer)
Calculate coordinate intersection then stake with GPS

Correct answer: Measure along the perpendicular from the centerline stake at 18+75 to 42.5 ft offset

Construction offsets are always measured perpendicular to the baseline at the specified station.

Question 38: What is the approximate horizontal shift between NAD27 and NAD83 coordinates in the contiguous United States?

10 to 100 meters (Correct answer)
More than 1 kilometer
Less than 1 meter
500 to 1000 meters

Correct answer: 10 to 100 meters

NAD27 to NAD83 datum shifts in CONUS typically range from about 10 to 100 meters depending on location.

Question 39: What is the term for the fractional sections created along the north and west edges of a PLSS township to account for convergence and measurement errors?

Government lots (Correct answer)
Aliquot parts
Lots
Excess sections

Correct answer: Government lots

Government lots are irregular fractional sections found along the north and west boundaries of a township where closure errors and convergence are absorbed.

Question 40: The term 'mesne conveyances' in a chain of title refers to:

Deeds recorded in error and subsequently corrected
Any conveyance involving a mortgage
Intermediate deeds linking the original patent to the current owner (Correct answer)
Only quitclaim deeds in the chain

Correct answer: Intermediate deeds linking the original patent to the current owner

Mesne conveyances are the intermediate transfers of title between the original government patent and the present owner, forming the chain of title.

Question 41: The 'double-meridian distance' (DMD) method is primarily used to compute:

Area of a closed traverse (Correct answer)
Traverse angular closure
GPS baseline length
Elevation of bench marks

Correct answer: Area of a closed traverse

The DMD method is a classical computational technique used to calculate the area enclosed by a closed traverse using latitudes and departures.

Question 42: What is triangulation in surveying?

Calculating elevations using barometric pressure.
Using known points and angles to calculate distances (Correct answer)
Using GPS coordinates to measure land.
Measuring land area using a ruler.

Correct answer: Using known points and angles to calculate distances

Triangulation is a fundamental surveying technique that involves establishing a network of triangles across a landscape. By precisely measuring the angles within these triangles and the length of at least one side (baseline), surveyors can mathematically calculate the lengths of all other sides and the coordinates of unknown points. This method is crucial for establishing control networks over large areas, allowing for accurate mapping and positioning.

Question 43: In GPS surveying, the term 'PDOP' refers to:

Position Dilution of Precision (Correct answer)
Pseudo-range Differential Observation Point
Phase Difference of Oscillation Period
Primary Data Output Protocol

Correct answer: Position Dilution of Precision

PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) is a dimensionless factor that quantifies the effect of satellite geometry on the combined horizontal and vertical position accuracy.

Question 44: A surveyor who knowingly certifies a survey with incorrect boundary data to help a client obtain a permit is guilty of:

Negligent misrepresentation only
A licensing technicality requiring remediation
A minor ethical violation only
Professional fraud and misconduct (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Professional fraud and misconduct

Knowingly certifying false survey data constitutes professional fraud and misconduct, subject to criminal penalties and license revocation.

Question 45: A surveyor is approached by opposing parties in a boundary dispute and asked to testify as an expert for both sides. The ethical response is to:

Testify for whichever party pays first
Charge double the normal rate and accept both
Accept both engagements and remain neutral
Decline one engagement to avoid a conflict of interest (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Decline one engagement to avoid a conflict of interest

Serving as an expert witness for opposing parties in the same dispute creates an irreconcilable conflict of interest that must be avoided.

Question 46: Which property does an equal-area (equivalent) map projection preserve?

The shape of all features
Distances along all directions
Angular relationships at all points
The area of features relative to each other (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The area of features relative to each other

Equal-area projections maintain correct relative areas across the map, though they distort angles and shapes.

Question 47: What should a surveyor do if they suspect unethical practices in a project?

Continue with the project regardless.
Allow others to deal with it.
Report the unethical practices to the relevant authorities (Correct answer)
Ignore the practices to avoid confrontation.

Correct answer: Report the unethical practices to the relevant authorities

Surveyors have a professional and ethical obligation to uphold the integrity of their profession. If they suspect unethical practices, ignoring them could perpetuate harm, compromise the quality of work, or lead to legal issues. Reporting such practices to licensing boards or professional organizations is crucial for maintaining standards, protecting the public, and ensuring accountability within the surveying community.

Question 48: What should a surveyor do if they encounter an error in their measurements?

Proceed with the inaccurate data.
Hide the mistake from the client.
Ignore the error.
Correct the error and notify the client (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Correct the error and notify the client

Professional integrity requires surveyors to address errors transparently and promptly. If an error is discovered, the surveyor must take immediate steps to correct it to ensure the accuracy and reliability of their work. Furthermore, notifying the client demonstrates honesty and allows them to make informed decisions based on corrected data, maintaining trust and avoiding potential legal issues or project delays.

Question 49: In UAV (drone) photogrammetry for topographic mapping, what is the purpose of the Ground Sampling Distance (GSD)?

The spacing between flight lines
The real-world size represented by one pixel in the captured imagery (Correct answer)
The altitude at which the UAV must fly
The distance between GCPs on the ground

Correct answer: The real-world size represented by one pixel in the captured imagery

GSD is the real-world ground dimension represented by a single pixel in the aerial image, directly determining the spatial resolution and positional accuracy of the resulting topographic product.

Question 50: In differential leveling, a backsight (BS) of 8.42 ft is taken on BM-A with elevation 312.65 ft. What is the Height of Instrument (HI)?

316.07 ft
308.65 ft
304.23 ft
321.07 ft (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 321.07 ft

HI = Elevation of BM + BS reading = 312.65 + 8.42 = 321.07 ft.

Question 51: When performing a two-peg test on an automatic level, what condition indicates the instrument is in adjustment?

The bubble remains centered throughout the test
The compensator deflects equally in both directions
The rod readings are equal at both pegs
The difference in rod readings from both setups is the same, confirming the line of sight is truly horizontal (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The difference in rod readings from both setups is the same, confirming the line of sight is truly horizontal

The two-peg test compares height differences from two instrument positions; if both give the same Δh, the collimation error is zero and the line of sight is horizontal.

Question 52: A surveyor sets up a total station and measures a horizontal angle of 47°32'18" to point A and 112°15'44" to point B. What is the angle between the two directions?

65°43'26"
159°48'02"
64°43'26" (Correct answer)
64°44'26"

Correct answer: 64°43'26"

The angle between A and B is 112°15'44" − 47°32'18" = 64°43'26".

Question 53: The primary purpose of aerial triangulation (aerotriangulation) is to:

Calculate the flying height of the aircraft using onboard altimeters
Extend control from a sparse network of surveyed ground points to all photograph positions in the block (Correct answer)
Measure vertical angles between ground control points on the ground
Determine spectral calibration coefficients for each camera band

Correct answer: Extend control from a sparse network of surveyed ground points to all photograph positions in the block

Aerotriangulation uses image coordinate measurements in overlapping photos and a minimal set of ground control points to solve for the exterior orientation (position and attitude) of every photo in the project block.

Question 54: What is the term for a monument placed on a meander line where it intersects a section line in the PLSS?

Closing corner
Witness corner
Meander corner (Correct answer)
Mile corner

Correct answer: Meander corner

A meander corner is set at the intersection of a meander line with a township or section line to document the approximate location of a navigable waterway.

Question 55: In coordinate geometry (COGO), a 'curve table' for a circular curve typically includes which set of elements?

Semi-major axis, eccentricity, focal length, directrix distance, and latus rectum
Bearing, distance, departure, latitude, and closure error for each sub-chord
Grid azimuth, geodetic azimuth, convergence angle, and scale factor
Radius, central angle, arc length, chord length, tangent length, and middle ordinate (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Radius, central angle, arc length, chord length, tangent length, and middle ordinate

A standard circular curve table lists radius (R), delta (Δ), arc (L), chord (C), tangent (T), and middle ordinate (M) as the fundamental geometric elements.

Question 56: What is the primary ethical obligation of a PS professional when a conflict of interest arises during traverse & leveling calculations activities?

Resolve the conflict privately without informing stakeholders
Disclose the conflict to all relevant parties and recuse from the decision if necessary (Correct answer)
Ignore the conflict if it does not directly affect the current task
Proceed while favoring the outcome that benefits the professional personally

Correct answer: Disclose the conflict to all relevant parties and recuse from the decision if necessary

The primary ethical obligation when a conflict of interest arises in traverse & leveling calculations is to disclose it to all relevant parties and, if necessary, recuse from the decision. This maintains professional integrity and stakeholder trust.

Question 57: A PS professional encounters an unfamiliar situation while performing traverse & leveling calculations duties. What is the most appropriate first action?

Proceed based on general assumptions to avoid delays
Apply a solution from an unrelated field without verification
Skip the task entirely and move to the next assignment
Consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor before proceeding (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor before proceeding

When facing unfamiliar situations in traverse & leveling calculations, the most appropriate action is to consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor. This ensures safety, accuracy, and compliance while building professional knowledge.

Question 58: Reciprocal leveling is primarily used to:

Check the collimation error of the level instrument
Eliminate the need for turning points on long lines
Reduce the total number of backsight readings required
Carry elevations across wide obstacles such as rivers where a balanced setup is impossible (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Carry elevations across wide obstacles such as rivers where a balanced setup is impossible

Reciprocal leveling makes setups on both sides of an obstacle and averages results, largely canceling curvature and refraction errors.

Question 59: A deed conveys property 'bounded on the north by the south line of Elm Street.' The street is later vacated. The grantee generally acquires:

Title to the centerline of the former street (Correct answer)
Title to the full width of the former street
Nothing; vacated street land reverts to the municipality
Only a prescriptive easement over the former street

Correct answer: Title to the centerline of the former street

When a street is vacated, abutting owners typically acquire fee title to the centerline of the former right-of-way under the general rule that a street-boundary call goes to the center.

Question 60: In tunnel surveying, gyroscope attachments or gyrotheodolites are used primarily to:

Monitor settlement of tunnel walls
Set grades along the tunnel invert
Measure cross-section dimensions of the tunnel bore
Maintain directional control independent of magnetic interference and surface control (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Maintain directional control independent of magnetic interference and surface control

Gyrotheodolites determine true north by sensing Earth's rotation, providing azimuth independent of magnetic fields and without needing line of sight to surface control.

Question 61: Which of the following is a fundamental principle of traverse & leveling calculations as it applies to Professional Licensed Surveyor?

Prioritizing speed of completion over accuracy and compliance
Systematic evaluation and adherence to established industry standards (Correct answer)
Avoiding documentation to streamline workflow efficiency
Relying solely on personal experience without reference to guidelines

Correct answer: Systematic evaluation and adherence to established industry standards

A fundamental principle of traverse & leveling calculations in Professional Licensed Surveyor is the systematic evaluation and adherence to established industry standards, which ensures consistency, quality, and regulatory compliance across all professional activities.

Question 62: A surveyor uses the 'Compass Rule' (Bowditch Rule) to adjust a traverse. This method distributes error proportional to:

The difference between forward and back azimuths at each station
The interior angle measured at each traverse station
Each course's departure and latitude relative to the total traverse length (Correct answer)
The square of each course length

Correct answer: Each course's departure and latitude relative to the total traverse length

The Compass Rule distributes linear closure error in proportion to each course's length relative to the total perimeter.

Question 63: The Bowditch (Compass) Rule distributes traverse closure error proportionally to:

The angle at each station
The elevation change of each course
The bearing of each course
The length of each course (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The length of each course

The Bowditch Rule distributes linear closure error to each course in proportion to the length of that course relative to the total traverse perimeter.

Question 64: A closed traverse has ΣLat = +0.42 ft and ΣDep = −0.31 ft. What is the linear error of closure (LEC)?

0.42 ft
0.11 ft
0.73 ft
0.52 ft (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 0.52 ft

LEC = √(0.42² + 0.31²) = √(0.1764 + 0.0961) = √0.2725 ≈ 0.52 ft.

Question 65: What term describes the PLSS legal description 'NE¼ of the SW¼ of Section 14, Township 3 North, Range 5 East'?

Lot and block description
Metes and bounds description
Aliquot part description (Correct answer)
Monument description

Correct answer: Aliquot part description

A description using quarter-quarter section notation within a numbered section is called an aliquot part description in the PLSS framework.

Question 66: How does the use of GPS improve land measurement in surveying?

It provides approximate measurements.
It only works for topographic surveys.
It increases accuracy, reduces time, and provides geospatial data (Correct answer)
It replaces the need for physical surveys.

Correct answer: It increases accuracy, reduces time, and provides geospatial data

GPS technology revolutionized surveying by providing highly accurate, real-time positioning data anywhere on Earth. It significantly increases the accuracy of measurements, reduces the time required for field data collection compared to traditional methods, and allows for the efficient collection of vast amounts of geospatial data. This data is crucial for mapping, navigation, and various land management applications, making surveys faster and more reliable.

Question 67: Which legal concept allows a long-term, open, notorious, and hostile possessor to gain title to land without a deed?

Adverse possession (Correct answer)
Dedication
Prescriptive easement
Eminent domain

Correct answer: Adverse possession

Adverse possession allows a claimant who openly, continuously, notoriously, and hostilely possesses another's land for the statutory period to acquire fee title by operation of law.

Question 68: In profile leveling, intermediate foresights (IFS) differ from turning-point foresights (FS) in that:

IFS readings yield ground elevations but do not establish a new HI — the instrument is not moved (Correct answer)
IFS readings are taken only at whole-station intervals along the alignment
IFS and FS readings serve identical computational purposes
IFS readings require computing a new HI before continuing

Correct answer: IFS readings yield ground elevations but do not establish a new HI — the instrument is not moved

An intermediate foresight is a minus-sight only (Elev = HI − IFS); no turning point is established, so the HI remains unchanged.

Question 69: A riparian landowner's rights along a non-navigable stream generally extend to:

The low-water mark on the opposite bank
The centerline (thread) of the stream (Correct answer)
Only the ordinary high-water mark of the near bank
The full width of the floodplain

Correct answer: The centerline (thread) of the stream

Under the ad medium filum aquae rule, riparian owners of non-navigable streams own to the thread (centerline) of the stream.

Question 70: What does a contour interval of 5 feet mean on a topographic map?

Each contour line represents a 5-foot change in elevation (Correct answer)
Index contours appear every 5 feet
The map covers a 5-foot elevation range
Contour lines are spaced 5 feet apart horizontally

Correct answer: Each contour line represents a 5-foot change in elevation

The contour interval is the vertical difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines; a 5-foot interval means consecutive lines differ by 5 feet in elevation.

Question 71: A traverse course has a bearing of N 62°15' E and a length of 387.42 ft. What is the departure of this course?

421.4 ft
295.3 ft
181.2 ft
343.0 ft (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 343.0 ft

Departure = L × sin(bearing angle) = 387.42 × sin(62°15') ≈ 387.42 × 0.8849 ≈ 343.0 ft.

Question 72: Three-wire leveling improves precision by:

Reading top, middle, and bottom stadia crosshairs to average the rod reading and detect errors (Correct answer)
Using three separate leveling rods at each setup
Applying three independent benchmark checks on each circuit
Taking three independent measurements and averaging the HI

Correct answer: Reading top, middle, and bottom stadia crosshairs to average the rod reading and detect errors

Three-wire leveling reads all three horizontal crosshairs; the mean of the top and bottom wires should match the center wire, providing a check.

Question 73: When performing a topographic survey using total station equipment, what does the term 'side shot' refer to?

A shot taken parallel to the baseline
A check shot to a previously measured point
A single foresight observation not used as a backsight (Correct answer)
A shot taken at 90 degrees to the survey traverse

Correct answer: A single foresight observation not used as a backsight

A side shot is a single observation taken to collect data (such as terrain features) that is not subsequently used as a backsight in the traverse.

Question 74: A surveyor notes that EDM distances measured on a hot summer day are consistently shorter than expected. Which error source is most likely responsible?

Prism constant mismatch
Higher air temperature reducing the refractive index and shortening the measured path (Correct answer)
Scale error in the EDM crystal
Incorrect atmospheric pressure correction

Correct answer: Higher air temperature reducing the refractive index and shortening the measured path

High temperature lowers air density, reducing the refractive index; the EDM applies a velocity correction, but unaccounted temperature gradients can cause systematic short readings.

Question 75: What is the approximate semi-major axis (a) of the GRS80/WGS84 ellipsoid?

6,378,137 m (Correct answer)
6,371,000 m
6,400,000 m
6,356,752 m

Correct answer: 6,378,137 m

The semi-major axis of both GRS80 and WGS84 is defined as exactly 6,378,137.0 meters.

Question 76: Which type of easement is created by implication when a parcel is landlocked as a result of a conveyance?

Easement appurtenant by grant
Easement in gross
Prescriptive easement
Easement by necessity (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Easement by necessity

An easement by necessity arises when a conveyance leaves a parcel without legal access to a public road, implying a right-of-way over the grantor's remaining land.

Question 77: When a licensed surveyor delegates fieldwork to a survey technician, the surveyor's ethical responsibility is to:

Transfer full liability to the technician
Require the technician to obtain their own license
Supervise the work and remain professionally responsible for the results (Correct answer)
Document that the technician performed all fieldwork to limit liability

Correct answer: Supervise the work and remain professionally responsible for the results

Licensed surveyors remain professionally responsible for all work performed under their supervision, regardless of who physically performs the fieldwork.

Question 78: A deed that describes property as 'Lot 12, Block 4, Sunrise Subdivision as recorded in Plat Book 22, Page 10' is an example of which description type?

Lot and block (Correct answer)
Metes and bounds
PLSS description
Geodetic description

Correct answer: Lot and block

Lot and block (or recorded plat) descriptions reference a recorded subdivision plat by book and page number to identify a specific parcel.

Question 79: Relief displacement in an aerial photograph causes elevated objects to appear:

Smaller than their true planimetric size
Displaced toward the principal point
Displaced radially outward from the principal point (Correct answer)
Uniformly shifted toward the low end of the terrain slope

Correct answer: Displaced radially outward from the principal point

Relief displacement shifts elevated objects radially outward from the principal point—the greater the object's height and distance from photo center, the more pronounced the outward displacement.

Question 80: Trigonometric leveling computes the elevation difference between instrument station and target as:

Δh = D·tan(α) + HI − RR (Correct answer)
Δh = D / cos(α)
Δh = HI + D·cos(α) − RR
Δh = D·sin(α)

Correct answer: Δh = D·tan(α) + HI − RR

Trigonometric leveling: Δh = D·tan(α) + HI − RR, where D is horizontal distance, α is vertical angle, HI is instrument height, RR is rod/reflector height.

Question 81: An agreed boundary established by long acquiescence between neighbors is typically enforceable even without a deed because it is based on:

Adverse possession after the statutory period
A valid oral conveyance of real property
A court decree quieting title
The doctrine of practical location or agreed boundary (Correct answer)

Correct answer: The doctrine of practical location or agreed boundary

The doctrine of agreed boundary (practical location/acquiescence) recognizes a mutually accepted line as the legal boundary when neighbors treat it as such for a significant time.

Question 82: A plat note states 'bearing basis: N 00°10'22" W along the west line of Section 10.' This means:

All plat bearings are oriented relative to that specific measured line (Correct answer)
All bearings on the plat are referenced to true north
Bearings are based on GPS azimuth only
The surveyor used magnetic north for all directions

Correct answer: All plat bearings are oriented relative to that specific measured line

The bearing basis establishes the reference direction for all bearings on the plat; every other direction on the survey is mathematically rotated relative to that stated line.

Question 83: Which EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) technique uses the phase difference between emitted and returned electromagnetic waves to determine distance?

Phase comparison ranging (Correct answer)
Interferometric ranging
Doppler ranging
Pulse (time-of-flight) ranging

Correct answer: Phase comparison ranging

Phase comparison EDMs measure the phase shift of a continuous modulated wave after it travels to the reflector and back, computing distance from the fractional wavelength difference.

Question 84: Which method is commonly used for measuring large distances in surveying?

Mechanical compasses.
Optical range finders.
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) (Correct answer)
Visual triangulation.

Correct answer: Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)

Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) is a commonly used method for accurately measuring large distances in surveying. EDM instruments use electromagnetic waves to determine the distance between two points with high precision and speed. This technology has largely replaced traditional chain and tape measurements for extensive areas, significantly improving efficiency and accuracy in modern surveying practices.

Question 85: What is photogrammetry in surveying?

Using photographs to create accurate measurements and maps (Correct answer)
Measuring land boundaries with a tape.
Using drones for surveying.
Using satellite images for land mapping.

Correct answer: Using photographs to create accurate measurements and maps

Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points. In surveying, it involves taking overlapping images, often from drones or aircraft, and using specialized software to process them into detailed 2D maps, 3D models, and elevation data. This technique is highly efficient for mapping large or inaccessible areas, providing comprehensive visual and measurable information.

Question 86: A surveyor who seals a plat without performing or directly supervising the survey work is guilty of:

A civil but not disciplinary offense
Practicing fraud and gross professional misconduct (Correct answer)
Acceptable delegation under NSPS standards
Minor procedural noncompliance only

Correct answer: Practicing fraud and gross professional misconduct

Affixing a professional seal to work not performed or directly supervised is fraudulent misrepresentation and a serious disciplinary offense that can result in license revocation.

Question 87: In post-processed kinematic (PPK) GNSS surveying, what is the primary advantage over real-time RTK?

PPK does not require a base station
PPK achieves higher accuracy due to faster update rates
PPK eliminates the need for satellite ephemeris data
PPK can resolve ambiguities and repair cycle slips using forward and backward processing of complete datasets (Correct answer)

Correct answer: PPK can resolve ambiguities and repair cycle slips using forward and backward processing of complete datasets

PPK processes data in both forward and reverse directions after the survey, allowing ambiguity resolution even at points where the RTK link was absent or the solution was float.

Question 88: A 'junior surveyor' working under a licensed professional surveyor may legally:

Provide expert testimony about boundary locations in court
Negotiate boundary agreements with adjoining landowners on behalf of clients
Seal and certify plats independently if they have 5 years of experience
Perform field measurements and calculations under the licensee's direct supervision (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Perform field measurements and calculations under the licensee's direct supervision

Unlicensed survey technicians may perform technical tasks — fieldwork and calculations — only under the direct supervision of a licensed professional surveyor.

Question 89: What is the typical horizontal accuracy specification for a high-quality RTK GNSS receiver under good conditions?

±1–2 meters
±0.1 mm
±10–30 cm
±1–2 cm + 1 ppm (Correct answer)

Correct answer: ±1–2 cm + 1 ppm

RTK systems commonly achieve ±1–2 cm horizontal accuracy with an additional parts-per-million component that grows with baseline length.

Question 90: Which of the following best describes 'privity of contract' as it historically applied to surveyor liability?

A surveyor's liability was limited to clients who had a direct contractual relationship with the surveyor (Correct answer)
Liability was determined solely by the amount of the survey fee
All members of the public could sue a surveyor for any error
Only government agencies could bring claims against a licensed surveyor

Correct answer: A surveyor's liability was limited to clients who had a direct contractual relationship with the surveyor

Historically, privity of contract limited a surveyor's liability to parties in direct contractual relationships, though many courts have since expanded this to foreseeable third parties.

Question 91: A licensed surveyor accepts a project but realizes mid-project that the complexity exceeds their expertise. The ethical course of action is to:

Immediately withdraw and forfeit all fees
Associate with or refer to a more qualified surveyor and inform the client (Correct answer)
Continue and purchase additional errors and omissions insurance
Complete the project and note limitations in the final report

Correct answer: Associate with or refer to a more qualified surveyor and inform the client

When a surveyor lacks sufficient competency for a project, ethics require informing the client and either associating with qualified help or referring the work out.

Question 92: What is photogrammetry used for in surveying?

To estimate land prices.
To create maps and models from photographs (Correct answer)
To detect minerals in the soil.
To survey air quality.

Correct answer: To create maps and models from photographs

Photogrammetry is the technique of extracting reliable measurements and information about physical objects and the environment from photographic images. In surveying, this involves using specialized software to process overlapping aerial or ground-based photographs to generate detailed 2D maps, orthophotos, 3D models, and digital elevation models (DEMs). It's highly efficient for large-scale mapping and creating comprehensive visual representations.

Question 93: When using a grid method for topographic data collection, the surveyor measures elevations at regular intervals across the project area. What is a major disadvantage of this method?

It requires aerial photography
It may miss significant terrain features that fall between grid points (Correct answer)
It cannot be used with total stations
It produces too many data points for computer processing

Correct answer: It may miss significant terrain features that fall between grid points

The grid method can miss important terrain features such as ridges, streams, or abrupt slope changes that fall between the regular grid points.

Question 94: During a boundary survey, a surveyor must locate the ordinary high-water mark (OHWM) of a lake. The OHWM is best identified by:

Physical evidence such as vegetation change, debris lines, and soil character left by water action (Correct answer)
The maximum pool elevation specified in the dam operator's federal license
The elevation of the water surface on the date of survey
The 100-year flood elevation from a FEMA flood insurance rate map

Correct answer: Physical evidence such as vegetation change, debris lines, and soil character left by water action

The OHWM is defined by physical indicators on the bank — vegetation limits, debris, and soil changes — not by a regulatory or instantaneous water level.

Question 95: A PS professional encounters an unfamiliar situation while performing gnss & rtk survey technology duties. What is the most appropriate first action?

Apply a solution from an unrelated field without verification
Consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor before proceeding (Correct answer)
Proceed based on general assumptions to avoid delays
Skip the task entirely and move to the next assignment

Correct answer: Consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor before proceeding

When facing unfamiliar situations in gnss & rtk survey technology, the most appropriate action is to consult relevant standards, guidelines, or a qualified supervisor. This ensures safety, accuracy, and compliance while building professional knowledge.

Question 96: Which of the following is a fundamental principle of legal descriptions & deed interpretation as it applies to Professional Licensed Surveyor?

Prioritizing speed of completion over accuracy and compliance
Systematic evaluation and adherence to established industry standards (Correct answer)
Avoiding documentation to streamline workflow efficiency
Relying solely on personal experience without reference to guidelines

Correct answer: Systematic evaluation and adherence to established industry standards

A fundamental principle of legal descriptions & deed interpretation in Professional Licensed Surveyor is the systematic evaluation and adherence to established industry standards, which ensures consistency, quality, and regulatory compliance across all professional activities.

Question 97: A surveyor needs to locate buried utilities using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). Which soil condition most severely limits GPR penetration depth?

Frozen ground in winter
Saturated clay soil with high electrical conductivity (Correct answer)
Dry sandy soil
Loose gravel fill

Correct answer: Saturated clay soil with high electrical conductivity

Clay soils with high water content have high electrical conductivity, which attenuates GPR signals rapidly through resistive loss, drastically reducing penetration depth.

Question 98: The NSPS Model Law for Professional Surveyors typically requires licensure candidates to have which combination?

Only a passing score on the FS and PS exams without experience
10 years of field experience with no educational requirement
Education, experience under a licensed surveyor, and passage of licensing exams (Correct answer)
A law degree and passage of the PS exam only

Correct answer: Education, experience under a licensed surveyor, and passage of licensing exams

Model licensing laws require accredited education, supervised professional experience, and passage of both the Fundamentals of Surveying and Principles and Practice of Surveying exams.

Question 99: In trigonometric leveling, when measuring elevation differences over long distances, the surveyor must apply corrections for:

Temperature and humidity effects on the EDM only
Earth curvature and atmospheric refraction (Correct answer)
Solar radiation and wind drift
Magnetic declination and instrument height only

Correct answer: Earth curvature and atmospheric refraction

Over long sight distances, the combined correction for earth curvature (+0.0206 × d²) and atmospheric refraction (−0.0028 × d²) must be applied, yielding a net correction of about +0.0178 × d² (d in miles).

Question 100: When using the Transit Rule to balance a traverse, the correction applied to the latitude of a course is proportional to:

The absolute value of that course's departure
An equal correction applied to every course
The absolute value of that course's latitude divided by the sum of all absolute latitudes (Correct answer)
The course length divided by the total traverse perimeter

Correct answer: The absolute value of that course's latitude divided by the sum of all absolute latitudes

The Transit Rule weights latitude corrections by each course's absolute latitude relative to the total sum of absolute latitudes.

Principles and Practice of Surveying (PS) Exam

The PS exam assesses a candidate's understanding of the principles and practices of land surveying, covering legal, technical, and ethical aspects required for professional licensure.

100

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300 min

Time Limit

70%

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