PhD Doctor of Philosophy Epistemology and Theory of Knowledge 3

Question 1

Virtue epistemology, associated with Ernest Sosa and Linda Zagzebski, grounds knowledge in:

Accepted Answer

Intellectual virtues of the knower

Answer

Virtue epistemology holds that knowledge and justified belief are grounded in the exercise of intellectual virtues such as open-mindedness and thoroughness.

Question 2

Testimony as a source of knowledge is debated between reductionists and anti-reductionists. Anti-reductionists hold that testimony is:

Accepted Answer

A basic and irreducible source of justification

Answer

Anti-reductionists argue we have a default entitlement to accept testimony without positive independent evidence for the speaker's reliability.

Question 3

Social epistemology studies how social factors and institutions affect:

Accepted Answer

The acquisition, distribution, and transmission of knowledge

Answer

Social epistemology, developed by Alvin Goldman and others, examines how group dynamics, testimony, and institutions shape what we collectively know.

Question 4

The No False Lemmas condition was added to the JTB account to handle Gettier cases by requiring that:

Accepted Answer

The inference chain contain no false intermediate steps

Answer

The No False Lemmas response to Gettier requires that no false propositions play an essential role in the justificatory chain for knowledge.

Question 5

Epistemic injustice, a concept developed by Miranda Fricker, refers to a wrong done to someone specifically in their capacity as a:

Accepted Answer

Knower or epistemic subject

Answer

Fricker identifies two types: testimonial injustice (unfair credibility deficit) and hermeneutical injustice (gaps in collective interpretive resources).

PhD Doctor of Philosophy Practice Test

PhD Doctor of Philosophy Practice Test

PhD Doctor of Philosophy Epistemology and Theory of Knowledge 3