Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Care Flashcards

What is a normal resting heart rate for adults?

Answer: 60-100 bpm

A normal resting heart rate for adults typically falls between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm). This range indicates that the heart is efficiently pumping blood throughout the body while the individual is at rest. A heart rate consistently outside this range, either too low (bradycardia) or too high (tachycardia), can sometimes indicate underlying health issues and may warrant medical attention.

Which test assesses cardiac rhythm?

Answer: ECG

An Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a non-invasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It detects and graphs the heart's electrical impulses, allowing healthcare professionals to assess heart rate, rhythm, and identify various cardiac conditions. This makes it the primary tool for evaluating cardiac rhythm.

What is a sign of left-sided heart failure?

Answer: Shortness of breath

Left-sided heart failure occurs when the left ventricle cannot pump enough blood to the body, leading to blood backing up into the lungs. This pulmonary congestion causes fluid to accumulate in the lung tissues and air sacs, resulting in symptoms like dyspnea (shortness of breath), especially with exertion or when lying flat. Other options like edema and weight gain are more characteristic of right-sided heart failure.

Which lung sound indicates fluid?

Answer: Crackles

Crackles, also known as rales, are short, popping, or crackling sounds heard during auscultation of the lungs. They typically indicate the presence of fluid in the small airways or alveoli, often associated with conditions like pneumonia, heart failure, or pulmonary edema. The sound is produced when air passes through fluid-filled airways, causing them to open and close.

Which intervention helps COPD patients breathe?

Answer: Pursed-lip breathing

Pursed-lip breathing is a technique that helps patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) manage their shortness of breath. By exhaling slowly through pursed lips, it creates back-pressure in the airways, which helps to keep them open longer and prevents air trapping. This allows for more complete exhalation, improves oxygenation, and reduces the work of breathing.

What does pulse oximetry measure?

Answer: Oxygen saturation

Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method used to monitor the oxygen saturation of a patient's hemoglobin (SpO2). A small device, typically placed on a fingertip, emits light through the tissue and measures the amount of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. This provides a quick and continuous assessment of how well oxygen is being transported in the blood.

What is used in acute asthma attack?

Answer: Short-acting bronchodilator

During an acute asthma attack, the airways constrict rapidly, causing severe shortness of breath. Short-acting bronchodilators, such as albuterol, work quickly to relax the smooth muscles around the airways, opening them up and relieving bronchospasm. This rapid action makes them the first-line treatment for immediate relief of asthma symptoms.

Which is a risk factor for hypertension?

Answer: Smoking

Smoking is a significant modifiable risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the lining of blood vessels, leading to hardening and narrowing of arteries, which increases blood pressure. Smoking also temporarily raises blood pressure and heart rate, contributing to long-term hypertension.

Which lab is cardiac-specific?

Answer: Troponin

Troponin is a highly specific and sensitive biomarker for cardiac muscle damage. When heart muscle cells are injured, such as during a myocardial infarction (heart attack), troponin proteins are released into the bloodstream. Elevated troponin levels indicate cardiac injury, making it a crucial diagnostic tool for acute coronary syndromes.