Medical Knowledge Pathophysiology 3

Question 1

What is the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Accepted Answer

Progressive loss of nephrons leading to decreased GFR

Answer

CKD involves irreversible nephron loss that progressively reduces GFR, impairing the kidneys' ability to regulate fluid, electrolytes, and waste.

Question 2

What is the mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency

Answer

Type 2 DM involves peripheral insulin resistance combined with progressive beta-cell dysfunction and inadequate insulin secretion.

Question 3

What causes pulmonary edema in left-sided heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Increased pulmonary capillary pressure forcing fluid into alveoli

Answer

Left heart failure causes blood to back up into pulmonary vasculature, raising capillary hydrostatic pressure and forcing fluid into alveoli.

Question 4

What defines anemia?

Accepted Answer

Reduced hemoglobin or red blood cell mass below normal

Answer

Anemia is a reduction in red blood cell mass or hemoglobin concentration below normal, decreasing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.

Question 5

What is the pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Accepted Answer

Clot formation in deep veins due to Virchow's triad

Answer

DVT results from Virchow's triad—venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability—promoting thrombus formation in deep veins.

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