Gaokao - National College Entrance Exam — Questions and Answers

Question 1: A hyperbola has the equation x²/a² - y²/12 = 1. If one of its foci is at (4, 0), what is the value of a?

4
√28
16
2 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 2

For a hyperbola, the relationship between a, b, and c is c² = a² + b². We are given that a focus is at (4, 0), so c = 4. We are also given b² = 12. Plugging these values into the formula: 4² = a² + 12. This gives 16 = a² + 12, so a² = 4. Since a must be positive, a = 2.

Question 2: A rectangular box has side lengths of 2, 3, and 6. What is the surface area of the sphere that circumscribes this box?

24.5π
14π
196π
49π (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 49π

The diameter of the circumscribing sphere is equal to the space diagonal of the rectangular box. The square of the diagonal is d² = l² + w² + h² = 2² + 3² + 6² = 4 + 9 + 36 = 49. So, the diameter d = 7, and the radius R = 3.5. The surface area of the sphere is A = 4πR² = 4π(3.5)² = 4π(12.25) = 49π.

Question 3: What is the structural difference between 1-butene and 2-butene?

The number of carbon atoms
The number of hydrogen atoms
The position of the double bond in the carbon chain (Correct answer)
The degree of branching

Correct answer: The position of the double bond in the carbon chain

Both are C₄H₈ isomers with one double bond; they differ only in the position of the C=C double bond (between C1-C2 vs C2-C3).

Question 4: In physical geography, a 'rain shadow' occurs when:

Cold ocean currents cool moist air masses before they reach the coast
Air rises over a mountain range, losing moisture on the windward side, leaving dry conditions on the leeward side (Correct answer)
Dense cloud cover blocks sunlight, reducing surface temperatures and rainfall
Urban areas create dry zones due to heat island effects

Correct answer: Air rises over a mountain range, losing moisture on the windward side, leaving dry conditions on the leeward side

As moist air rises over mountains, it cools and precipitates on the windward slope; the descending air on the leeward side warms and dries through adiabatic compression, creating a rain shadow desert.

Question 5: According to the World Urbanization Prospects, which of the following factors MOST directly drives rural-to-urban migration in developing countries?

Urban-rural wage differentials and better employment opportunities (Correct answer)
Higher urban birth rates compared to rural birth rates
Government policies mandating urban residence
Better soil quality in urban areas for food production

Correct answer: Urban-rural wage differentials and better employment opportunities

The Harris-Todaro model and empirical evidence show that expected wage differentials between urban and rural areas are the primary driver of rural-to-urban migration in developing nations.

Question 6: Read the passage and answer the question. Passage: The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries transformed society in fundamental ways. Mass production made goods cheaper and more widely available. Urbanization accelerated as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of factory work. However, working conditions were often harsh: long hours, low wages, and dangerous environments were common. This period ultimately gave rise to labor movements and reforms that shaped modern workers' rights. According to the passage, what was one consequence of industrialization?

Rural areas grew as people left the cities.
Mass production made goods more expensive for ordinary people.
Workers immediately gained better wages and safer conditions.
Labor movements arose in response to poor working conditions. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Labor movements arose in response to poor working conditions.

The passage states that the harsh working conditions 'ultimately gave rise to labor movements and reforms' — a direct consequence.

Question 7: A sphere of radius r is inscribed in a right circular cylinder. What is the ratio of the sphere's total surface area to the cylinder's total surface area?

2/3 (Correct answer)
1
1/2
3/4

Correct answer: 2/3

The inscribed sphere has radius r, so the cylinder has radius r and height 2r. Sphere SA = 4πr². Cylinder total SA = 2πr² + 2πr(2r) = 6πr². The ratio is 4πr²/6πr² = 2/3.

Question 8: Read the passage and answer the question. Passage: The discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century was one of medicine's greatest achievements. Diseases once considered death sentences became easily treatable. However, overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, or 'superbugs.' The World Health Organization warns that antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health today. The word 'emergence' in the passage most nearly means:

discovery
disappearance
suppression
rise and development (Correct answer)

Correct answer: rise and development

'Emergence' in context refers to the rise and development of resistant bacteria as a new threat.

Question 9: The 'Green Revolution' of the 1960s–1970s increased crop yields in developing countries primarily through:

Reforestation programs that improved soil quality
High-yielding variety (HYV) seeds combined with increased irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides (Correct answer)
Organic farming techniques and traditional seed varieties
Redistribution of agricultural land to subsistence farmers

Correct answer: High-yielding variety (HYV) seeds combined with increased irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides

The Green Revolution introduced HYV seeds (especially wheat and rice) developed by Norman Borlaug and colleagues; these varieties yielded 2–4× more grain but required irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides.

Question 10: A circle passes through the origin and has center at (3, 4). What is the equation of this circle?

(x-3)² + (y-4)² = 5
(x+3)² + (y+4)² = 25
x² + y² = 25
(x-3)² + (y-4)² = 25 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: (x-3)² + (y-4)² = 25

The radius is the distance from center (3,4) to origin (0,0): r = √(9+16) = 5. Equation: (x-3)² + (y-4)² = 25.

Question 11: Coulomb's law states that the force between two point charges is proportional to:

The product of the charges divided by the distance
The sum of the charges divided by the square of the distance
The product of the charges divided by the square of the distance (Correct answer)
The product of the charges multiplied by the distance

Correct answer: The product of the charges divided by the square of the distance

Coulomb's law: F = kq₁q₂/r², force proportional to charge product and inversely proportional to distance squared.

Question 12: In China's compulsory mathematics curriculum, the derivative of f(x) = x³ − 3x² + 2 at x = 2 is:

2
−2
0 (Correct answer)
6

Correct answer: 0

f'(x) = 3x² − 6x. At x = 2: f'(2) = 3(4) − 6(2) = 12 − 12 = 0. This is a standard differentiation problem covered in the compulsory mathematics module on derivatives.

Question 13: The Great Leap Forward (大跃进, 1958-1962) resulted in:

Improved agricultural output through mechanization
Successful implementation of Soviet-style five-year plans
A massive famine causing tens of millions of deaths due to unrealistic production targets and agricultural collectivization failures (Correct answer)
Rapid successful industrialization ahead of schedule

Correct answer: A massive famine causing tens of millions of deaths due to unrealistic production targets and agricultural collectivization failures

The Great Leap Forward's unrealistic steel and grain production targets, combined with the collectivization of agriculture into People's Communes, caused a catastrophic famine with an estimated 15-55 million excess deaths (1959-1961).

Question 14: Read the passage and answer the question. Passage: Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power are growing rapidly. In 2023, renewables accounted for over 30% of global electricity generation. The cost of solar panels has fallen by more than 90% since 2010, making solar competitive with fossil fuels in many markets. However, the intermittent nature of wind and solar — they generate electricity only when the wind blows or sun shines — means that large-scale energy storage solutions are critical for a reliable clean energy grid. What challenge does the passage identify for wind and solar energy?

They generate electricity intermittently, requiring energy storage solutions. (Correct answer)
They cause more environmental damage than fossil fuels.
Their costs are still too high to compete with coal.
They can only be built in a limited number of locations.

Correct answer: They generate electricity intermittently, requiring energy storage solutions.

The passage specifically identifies intermittency — generating power only when conditions allow — as the key challenge requiring storage solutions.

Question 15: Read the passage and answer the question. Passage: In the 19th century, women who pursued higher education faced tremendous obstacles. Many universities refused to admit female students. Those who did gain access were often barred from the same libraries, laboratories, and lectures as men. Despite this, pioneering women such as Marie Curie earned advanced degrees and made groundbreaking scientific contributions, challenging prevailing beliefs about women's intellectual capabilities. What does the author imply by describing Marie Curie and others as 'pioneering'?

They were supported by universities in their scientific work.
They were exceptional individuals who overcame extraordinary barriers. (Correct answer)
They were the first women to reject education entirely.
They proved that all women in the 19th century were scientists.

Correct answer: They were exceptional individuals who overcame extraordinary barriers.

'Pioneering' implies going first in difficult circumstances; the passage shows these women overcame significant systemic barriers.

Question 16: A proton and an electron are placed in the same uniform electric field. Which statement is correct?

The proton accelerates faster
They experience equal and opposite forces but different accelerations (Correct answer)
They experience different forces but equal accelerations
They experience equal forces and equal accelerations

Correct answer: They experience equal and opposite forces but different accelerations

F = qE; since |q_proton| = |q_electron|, forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. However masses differ, so accelerations differ (a = F/m).

Question 17: The Nanjing Massacre (南京大屠杀, 1937-1938) occurred during:

The Japanese occupation of Nanjing following the fall of the Chinese capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (Correct answer)
The Boxer Rebellion
The First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)
The Chinese Civil War

Correct answer: The Japanese occupation of Nanjing following the fall of the Chinese capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War

After capturing Nanjing (then China's capital) in December 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese forces killed an estimated 200,000-300,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war over six weeks.

Question 18: What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound with the structure CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOH?

1,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid
Isopentanoic acid
3-Methylbutanoic acid (Correct answer)
2-Methylbutanoic acid

Correct answer: 3-Methylbutanoic acid

For naming carboxylic acids, the longest carbon chain including the carboxyl group is identified, and numbering starts from the carboxyl carbon as C1. The chain has four carbons (butanoic acid), and a methyl group is attached to the third carbon (C3).

Question 19: Given f(x) = x·e^x, find f''(1).

3e (Correct answer)
2e
e + 1
e

Correct answer: 3e

f'(x) = eˣ + x·eˣ = eˣ(1+x); f''(x) = eˣ(1+x) + eˣ = eˣ(2+x); f''(1) = e·3 = 3e.

Question 20: In the reaction 2KMnO₄ + 5H₂O₂ + 3H₂SO₄ → 2MnSO₄ + 5O₂ + K₂SO₄ + 8H₂O, the oxidation state of Mn changes from:

+2 to +7
+4 to +2
+7 to +2 (Correct answer)
+7 to +4

Correct answer: +7 to +2

In KMnO₄, Mn is +7; in MnSO₄, Mn is +2. This is a 5-electron reduction of manganese.

Question 21: Fossils, comparative anatomy, and DNA sequence comparisons are all types of evidence for:

Evolutionary relationships (Correct answer)
Epigenetic inheritance
Phenotypic plasticity
Genetic drift

Correct answer: Evolutionary relationships

These lines of evidence collectively support the theory of evolution by revealing shared ancestry and gradual change over time.

Question 22: Which structural pattern is most commonly recommended for Gaokao argumentative essays?

Introduction (引论) → Body with multiple argument points (本论) → Conclusion (结论) (Correct answer)
Stream-of-consciousness narrative
Question-answer dialogue format
Five-paragraph format identical to English essays

Correct answer: Introduction (引论) → Body with multiple argument points (本论) → Conclusion (结论)

Chinese argumentative essays (议论文) follow a three-part structure: 引论 (introduction/establishing the thesis), 本论 (body with supporting arguments and evidence), and 结论 (conclusion/restatement). This mirrors Western essay structure but with Chinese-specific conventions.

Question 23: A survey of 200 students found 120 prefer math over English. What is the relative frequency of students who prefer math?

0.4
0.5
0.8
0.6 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 0.6

Relative frequency = 120/200 = 0.6.

Question 24: A frequency table shows scores: 60 (5 students), 70 (8 students), 80 (7 students), 90 (5 students). What is the mode?

70 (Correct answer)
60
90
80

Correct answer: 70

The mode is 70 because it appears most frequently (8 students).

Question 25: The Q10 coefficient in biology measures:

The ratio of reaction rate at a temperature T+10°C versus temperature T (Correct answer)
The ratio of enzyme activity at pH 10 versus pH 7
The number of substrates processed per enzyme at 37°C
The activation energy required for a reaction at 10°C

Correct answer: The ratio of reaction rate at a temperature T+10°C versus temperature T

Q10 is the factor by which a biological process rate changes per 10°C temperature increase; most metabolic reactions have a Q10 of 2–3.

Question 26: In the sentence '其恕乎！己所不欲，勿施于人' from the Analects, '恕' (shù) refers to:

Empathy or reciprocity — treating others as you wish to be treated (Correct answer)
Ritual propriety
Strict discipline
Forgiveness after wrongdoing

Correct answer: Empathy or reciprocity — treating others as you wish to be treated

'恕' is Confucius's concept of reciprocity: 'What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others.' It embodies empathy and the Golden Rule in Confucian ethics.

Question 27: Two identical resistors are first connected in series, then in parallel, to the same battery. The ratio of total power dissipated (parallel/series) is:

4 (Correct answer)
1/2
2
1/4

Correct answer: 4

P = V²/R_eq. Series R_eq = 2R; parallel R_eq = R/2. P_par/P_ser = (R/2)⁻¹/(2R)⁻¹ = 2R/(R/2) = 4.

Question 28: A transformer has 500 primary turns and 50 secondary turns. If the primary voltage is 220 V, the secondary voltage is:

2200 V
44 V
22 V (Correct answer)
110 V

Correct answer: 22 V

V₂/V₁ = N₂/N₁ → V₂ = 220 × (50/500) = 22 V.

Question 29: The rate of a chemical reaction generally increases with temperature because:

More molecules have energy ≥ activation energy (Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution) (Correct answer)
Reactant molecules become more concentrated
The equilibrium constant increases
Activation energy decreases with temperature

Correct answer: More molecules have energy ≥ activation energy (Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution)

Higher temperature shifts the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution so a larger fraction of molecules exceed the activation energy threshold, increasing the reaction rate.

Question 30: The range of f(x) = 2sin(x) + 1 for x ∈ [0, π] is:

[1, 3] (Correct answer)
[0, 3]
[-2, 3]
[-1, 3]

Correct answer: [1, 3]

sin(x) ∈ [0, 1] for x ∈ [0, π]; so 2sin(x) ∈ [0, 2]; f(x) = 2sin(x)+1 ∈ [1, 3].

Question 31: In an arithmetic sequence, a₃ = 7 and a₇ = 15. What is a₁?

3 (Correct answer)
2
4
5

Correct answer: 3

From a₃ = a₁ + 2d = 7 and a₇ = a₁ + 6d = 15, subtracting gives 4d = 8, d = 2, so a₁ = 7 − 4 = 3.

Question 32: Which climate type is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters and is found on the western coasts of continents between 30°–45° latitude?

Oceanic (Cfb)
Tropical monsoon
Mediterranean (Csa/Csb) (Correct answer)
Semi-arid steppe (BSk)

Correct answer: Mediterranean (Csa/Csb)

Mediterranean climates (Köppen Cs) feature summer drought due to subtropical high pressure and winter rainfall from westerly winds; examples include California, central Chile, and the Mediterranean basin.

Question 33: The First United Front (第一次国共合作, 1923-1927) was an alliance between:

The Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and the Nationalist Party (KMT/Guomindang) (Correct answer)
The KMT and Japan
The CPC and the Soviet Union
The CPC and warlord armies

Correct answer: The Chinese Communist Party (CPC) and the Nationalist Party (KMT/Guomindang)

The First United Front was a coalition between the CPC and the KMT under Sun Yat-sen, formed to fight northern warlords. It broke down in 1927 with Chiang Kai-shek's Shanghai Massacre.

Question 34: The Chinese Communist Party (中国共产党) was officially founded at its First National Congress in:

Guangzhou, 1923
Yan'an, 1935
Beijing, 1917
Shanghai, 1921 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Shanghai, 1921

The CCP held its First National Congress in Shanghai in July 1921. Key founding figures included Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, and Mao Zedong attended as a delegate from Hunan Province.

Question 35: What does '审题' (shěntí) refer to in the Gaokao essay writing process?

Choosing formal vocabulary that matches the topic register
Carefully reading and analyzing the prompt to identify its core requirements and scope (Correct answer)
Proofreading grammar and punctuation after the essay is complete
Selecting an appropriate writing style before drafting

Correct answer: Carefully reading and analyzing the prompt to identify its core requirements and scope

'审题' (shěntí) means 'examining the topic' — it is the critical first step of dissecting the prompt to determine what it is really asking, its implied boundaries, and which angles are permissible. Misreading the prompt (偏题) is one of the most penalized errors in Gaokao scoring.

Question 36: What is the primary function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

Packaging of chromosomes during cell division
Synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (Correct answer)
Transcription of mRNA from protein-coding genes
DNA replication and repair

Correct answer: Synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The nucleolus is the site of rRNA gene transcription and ribosomal subunit assembly; it disappears during mitosis and reforms after division.

Question 37: In the pyramid P-ABCD, the base ABCD is a rectangle. E is the midpoint of the side PD. Let plane α be the plane passing through points A, E, and C. What is the relationship between line PB and plane α?

PB intersects plane α
The relationship is uncertain
PB lies within plane α
PB is parallel to plane α (Correct answer)

Correct answer: PB is parallel to plane α

Let O be the intersection of the diagonals AC and BD of the rectangle. Connect EO. In triangle PBD, E is the midpoint of PD and O is the midpoint of BD, so EO is the midsegment. Therefore, EO is parallel to PB. Since EO lies within plane AEC (plane α) and PB does not, PB is parallel to plane α.

Question 38: A sphere is inscribed in a regular tetrahedron with edge length a. Which formula gives the radius of the inscribed sphere?

r = a√3/6
r = a/2
r = a√6/12 (Correct answer)
r = a/4

Correct answer: r = a√6/12

For a regular tetrahedron with edge a, the inradius r = a/(2√6) = a√6/12.

Question 39: In the Gaokao solid geometry proof format, what is the standard first step when asked to prove that a line is perpendicular to a plane?

Show that the line is perpendicular to two distinct lines within the plane that intersect at a point (Correct answer)
Measure the angle directly
Show that the line is parallel to another perpendicular line
Show that the line's projection onto the plane is a point

Correct answer: Show that the line is perpendicular to two distinct lines within the plane that intersect at a point

The standard theorem (三垂线定理's basis): a line ⊥ plane iff it is perpendicular to every line in the plane. The practical test: if a line is perpendicular to two intersecting lines in the plane, then it is perpendicular to the plane.

Question 40: How should the unpunctuated sentence "每假借于藏书之家手自笔录计日以还" be correctly punctuated to show its grammatical structure?

每假借于藏书，之家手自笔录，计日以还。
每假借，于藏书之家手自，笔录计日以还。
每假借于藏书之家手，自笔录计日，以还。
每假借于藏书之家，手自笔录，计日以还。 (Correct answer)

Correct answer: 每假借于藏书之家，手自笔录，计日以还。

The sentence describes a sequence of actions: first, borrowing from collectors ("假借于藏书之家"); second, copying by hand ("手自笔录"); third, returning it on the agreed day ("计日以还"). Pauses are needed to separate these distinct actions, making the sentence clear and logical.

Question 41: Photosystem I (PSI) primarily absorbs light at a peak wavelength of 700 nm and its main function is to:

Fix carbon dioxide into organic compounds
Split water molecules and release oxygen
Reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH (Correct answer)
Synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis

Correct answer: Reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH

PSI uses light energy to transfer electrons to ferredoxin, which ultimately reduces NADP⁺ to NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.

Question 42: The domain of f(x) = √(1 - x²) / ln(x + 2) is:

[-1, 1]
(-2, 1]
(-2, -1) ∪ (-1, 1) (Correct answer)
(-1, 1)

Correct answer: (-2, -1) ∪ (-1, 1)

Need 1-x² ≥ 0 → -1 ≤ x ≤ 1, and x+2 > 0 → x > -2, and ln(x+2) ≠ 0 → x ≠ -1. Combined: [-1,1] minus {-1} = (-1,1]; but also x > -2 auto-satisfied. Actually domain is (-1, 1] ∪ checking x=-1: excluded. So domain is (-1, 1].

Question 43: The Cultural Revolution (文化大革命, 1966-1976) was characterized by:

Mass political campaigns targeting 'class enemies,' intellectuals, and party officials deemed insufficiently revolutionary, causing widespread social disruption (Correct answer)
Successful elimination of poverty and illiteracy
Peaceful democratic reforms
Rapid cultural and technological modernization

Correct answer: Mass political campaigns targeting 'class enemies,' intellectuals, and party officials deemed insufficiently revolutionary, causing widespread social disruption

The Cultural Revolution involved the Red Guards persecuting teachers, intellectuals, party officials, and cultural figures; destroying historical sites; and shutting schools and universities. It caused enormous human suffering and economic damage.

Question 44: Read the passage and answer the question. Passage: Social media platforms were designed to connect people, but research increasingly suggests they may also drive social division. Algorithms prioritize content that provokes strong emotional reactions — often outrage — because such content keeps users engaged longer. As a result, users are frequently exposed to extreme viewpoints, which can reinforce existing beliefs and deepen polarization between groups. According to the passage, why do social media algorithms favor emotionally provocative content?

Because it is more truthful than neutral content.
Because users have specifically requested more emotional content.
Because it helps reduce political polarization.
Because it keeps users on the platform longer. (Correct answer)

Correct answer: Because it keeps users on the platform longer.

The passage states algorithms prioritize provocative content because it keeps users engaged longer — a direct causal relationship.

Question 45: Object A moves to the right at 3 m/s and object B moves to the left at 5 m/s along the same straight line. What is the velocity of A as observed from B's reference frame?

2 m/s to the left
8 m/s to the right (Correct answer)
8 m/s to the left
2 m/s to the right

Correct answer: 8 m/s to the right

Taking rightward as positive, v_A = +3 m/s and v_B = −5 m/s. The velocity of A relative to B is v_A − v_B = 3 − (−5) = 8 m/s, which is positive, meaning 8 m/s to the right. The two objects approach each other at 8 m/s.

Question 46: In a dihybrid cross between two AABB and aabb parents, what is the genotype of all F1 offspring?

AaBb (Correct answer)
AABB
aabb
AABb

Correct answer: AaBb

Each F1 offspring receives one dominant and one recessive allele for each gene from its parents, giving genotype AaBb.

Question 47: The distance between the two foci of an ellipse is 8, and its eccentricity is 4/5. What is the length of the major axis?

8
12.5
10 (Correct answer)
5

Correct answer: 10

The distance between the foci is 2c, so 2c = 8, which means c = 4. The eccentricity e is defined as c/a. We are given e = 4/5. So, c/a = 4/a = 4/5. Solving for a gives a = 5. The length of the major axis is 2a, which is 2 * 5 = 10.

Question 48: The Gaokao writing topic '那一刻，我长大了' ('That moment, I grew up') belongs to which category of essay type?

Scientific exposition
Policy argumentative essay
Personal narrative (记叙文) centered on a specific transformative moment (Correct answer)
Descriptive geography writing

Correct answer: Personal narrative (记叙文) centered on a specific transformative moment

This is a classic '记叙文' (narrative essay) prompt asking students to recount a specific personal experience that marked a turning point in maturity or self-understanding.

Question 49: What is the primary purpose of the '序' (preface/introduction) in classical Chinese literary collections?

To provide biographical data about the author only
To summarize each chapter
To explain the occasion, purpose, and significance of the work or event being commemorated (Correct answer)
To list the table of contents

Correct answer: To explain the occasion, purpose, and significance of the work or event being commemorated

Classical '序' texts explain the background, purpose, and meaning of the associated work or event — e.g., Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Orchid Pavilion (兰亭集序) commemorates a gathering and reflects on life and death.

Question 50: For the equilibrium CaCO₃(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO₂(g), the equilibrium constant expression is:

K = [CO₂] (Correct answer)
K = [CaO][CO₂]/[CaCO₃]
K = 1/[CO₂]
K = [CaCO₃]/([CaO][CO₂])

Correct answer: K = [CO₂]

Pure solids have activity = 1 and are excluded from K; only the gas-phase species CO₂ appears: K = [CO₂] (or Kp = P_CO₂).

Gaokao - National College Entrance Exam

The Gaokao is China's national university entrance examination testing Chinese language, mathematics, English, and elective subjects including physics, chemistry, biology, and history.

Questions

150 min

Time Limit

60%

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Sources & references

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