Free SAT Biology Cellular Structure & Function Questions and Answers

Question 1

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Answer

Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses' of eukaryotic cells because they are the primary sites where cellular respiration occurs. This metabolic process generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main energy currency used by the cell for various functions.

Question 2

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and transport

Answer

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is characterized by the presence of ribosomes on its surface. These ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins, particularly those destined for secretion, insertion into membranes, or delivery to other organelles. The RER then aids in the folding, modification, and transport of these proteins.

Question 3

Which structure controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane

Answer

The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell. Its primary function is to regulate the passage of molecules, ions, and other substances into and out of the cell. This control is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring the cell's proper function and survival.

Question 4

Which organelle is found only in plant cells and is responsible for photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Answer

Chloroplasts are unique organelles found exclusively in plant cells and some algae. They contain chlorophyll and are the sites where photosynthesis occurs, converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process is fundamental for the energy production of plants and, indirectly, for most life on Earth.

Question 5

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Answer

Ribosomes are cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, a process also known as translation. They read the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) and use it to assemble amino acids into specific protein sequences. This function is vital for all cellular activities, as proteins perform a vast array of functions within the cell and organism.

SAT - Biology Subject Test Practice Test

SAT - Biology Subject Test Practice Test

Free SAT Biology Cellular Structure & Function Questions and Answers