EmSAT Biology 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it produces ATP through cellular respiration?
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria (Correct answer)
- Ribosome
- Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct answer: Mitochondria
Mitochondria generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation during aerobic respiration, supplying energy for all cell functions.
Question 2: Which type of cell division produces haploid gametes such as sperm and egg cells?
- Mitosis
- Binary fission
- Meiosis (Correct answer)
- Cytokinesis
Correct answer: Meiosis
Meiosis involves two rounds of division that halve the chromosome number, producing haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
Question 3: In a DNA molecule, which of the following correctly describes the base-pairing rules?
- Adenine pairs with Guanine
- Cytosine pairs with Thymine
- Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine (Correct answer)
- Adenine pairs with Cytosine and Guanine pairs with Thymine
Correct answer: Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) via two hydrogen bonds, and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) via three hydrogen bonds in DNA.
Question 4: Which organelle is the primary site of protein synthesis in the cell?
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosome
- Ribosome (Correct answer)
- Vacuole
Correct answer: Ribosome
Ribosomes translate mRNA sequences into polypeptide chains, making them the site of protein synthesis.
Question 5: What is the overall equation for photosynthesis in plants?
- C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (Correct answer)
- 6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
- CO₂ + H₂O → glucose + O₂ + ADP
Correct answer: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using light energy absorbed by chlorophyll.
Question 6: What term describes the specific alleles an organism carries for a given trait, as opposed to its observable characteristics?
- Phenotype
- Karyotype
- Genotype (Correct answer)
- Proteome
Correct answer: Genotype
The genotype refers to the genetic constitution (allele combinations) of an organism, which may or may not be expressed visibly.
Question 7: Which blood type is considered the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions?
- AB+
- AB-
- O- (Correct answer)
- O+
Correct answer: O-
O- blood lacks A, B, and Rh antigens on red blood cells, making it compatible with all blood types without triggering an immune reaction.
EmSAT Biology 1
Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it produces ATP through cellular respiration?