Echocardiogram Echocardiograms Echocardiographic Techniques 2

Question 1

Which Doppler modality provides the highest temporal resolution for measuring high-velocity jets such as aortic stenosis?

Accepted Answer

Continuous wave Doppler

Answer

Continuous wave Doppler has no range ambiguity limit and can measure high velocities accurately, making it ideal for aortic stenosis jets.

Question 2

When performing a subcostal four-chamber view, the transducer is placed:

Accepted Answer

Below the xiphoid process with the marker toward the patient's left

Answer

The subcostal four-chamber view is obtained by placing the transducer below the xiphoid and angling the beam superiorly toward the heart.

Question 3

Harmonic imaging improves image quality primarily by:

Accepted Answer

Suppressing near-field artifact and improving signal-to-noise ratio

Answer

Tissue harmonic imaging uses second-harmonic frequencies generated within tissue, reducing near-field clutter and side-lobe artifacts.

Question 4

The Nyquist limit in pulsed wave Doppler is defined as:

Accepted Answer

Half the pulse repetition frequency

Answer

The Nyquist limit equals PRF/2; velocities exceeding this cause aliasing in pulsed wave Doppler.

Question 5

In M-mode echocardiography, the E-point septal separation (EPSS) is most useful for estimating:

Accepted Answer

Left ventricular systolic function

Answer

An elevated EPSS (>7 mm) indicates reduced left ventricular ejection fraction due to decreased anterior mitral leaflet excursion.

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