Type 1 Diabetes Flashcards

Which autoantibody is most commonly tested to confirm autoimmune destruction of beta cells in Type 1 diabetes?

Answer: GAD65 antibody

GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antibodies are the most commonly detected autoantibodies in Type 1 diabetes and are used to confirm autoimmune beta-cell destruction.

A child with Type 1 diabetes has a blood glucose of 55 mg/dL and is conscious. What is the first action?

Answer: Give 15g of fast-acting carbohydrates orally

The 15-15 rule states: give 15g of fast-acting carbs, wait 15 minutes, recheck; oral treatment is first-line for a conscious patient.

What is the target HbA1c level recommended by the ADA for most non-pregnant adults with Type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Below 7.0%

The ADA recommends an HbA1c below 7.0% for most non-pregnant adults with Type 1 diabetes to reduce microvascular complications.

Which type of insulin is typically used as the basal component in a basal-bolus regimen for Type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Insulin glargine

Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin analog with a flat, peakless profile used as basal coverage in Type 1 diabetes management.

The Somogyi effect in Type 1 diabetes refers to what phenomenon?

Answer: Rebound hyperglycemia following nocturnal hypoglycemia

The Somogyi effect is rebound hyperglycemia that occurs in the morning as a counter-regulatory response to nocturnal hypoglycemia.

Which HLA haplotypes are most strongly associated with genetic susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes?

Answer: HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4

HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 (particularly DR3/DR4 heterozygosity) confer the highest genetic risk for developing Type 1 diabetes.

What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) precipitation most commonly triggered by in a known Type 1 diabetic?

Answer: Insulin omission or infection

The most common triggers for DKA in known Type 1 diabetics are insulin omission (including pump failure) and concurrent infections that increase insulin resistance.