CST Anatomy & Physiology for Surgery 4

Question 1

What is the name of the fibrous sac that surrounds the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pericardium

Answer

The pericardium is the double-walled fibroserous sac enclosing the heart, consisting of the fibrous and serous layers.

Question 2

Which type of bone cell is responsible for bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Answer

Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells that resorb bone matrix by secreting acids and proteolytic enzymes.

Question 3

A patient is undergoing a prostatectomy. Which structure must the surgeon carefully avoid to preserve urinary continence?

Accepted Answer

External urethral sphincter

Answer

The external urethral sphincter (rhabdosphincter) provides voluntary continence control and must be preserved during prostatectomy.

Question 4

Which cranial nerve is tested when assessing the gag reflex?

Accepted Answer

CN IX and CN X

Answer

The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provides afferent sensation and the vagus nerve (CN X) provides efferent motor response for the gag reflex.

Question 5

The femoral triangle is bounded by the inguinal ligament superiorly, sartorius laterally, and which muscle medially?

Accepted Answer

Adductor longus

Answer

The medial border of the femoral triangle is formed by the medial margin of the adductor longus muscle.

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