Criminal Justice Advanced Topics 4

Question 1

Under Batson v. Kentucky, a prosecutor may not use peremptory challenges to exclude jurors based on what?

Accepted Answer

Race

Answer

Batson v. Kentucky (1986) held that race-based peremptory strikes violate the Equal Protection Clause.

Question 2

Which theory explains white-collar crime as resulting from pressure to achieve goals combined with rationalizations and opportunity?

Accepted Answer

The fraud triangle

Answer

The fraud triangle identifies pressure, opportunity, and rationalization as the three elements enabling occupational fraud.

Question 3

In a Terry stop, an officer may conduct a pat-down of a suspect's outer clothing only when the officer reasonably suspects the person is what?

Accepted Answer

Armed and dangerous

Answer

Terry v. Ohio permits a limited frisk for weapons only when the officer reasonably believes the suspect is armed and dangerous.

Question 4

The federal Sentencing Guidelines became advisory rather than mandatory after which Supreme Court decision?

Accepted Answer

United States v. Booker

Answer

United States v. Booker (2005) held that mandatory guidelines violated the Sixth Amendment and rendered them advisory.

Question 5

Which term describes the return of formerly incarcerated individuals to the community, including programs that ease that transition?

Accepted Answer

Reentry

Answer

Reentry refers to the transition from incarceration back into the community, supported by housing, employment, and treatment programs.

Criminal Justice Practice Test