Criminal Justice Advanced Topics 4 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Under Batson v. Kentucky, a prosecutor may not use peremptory challenges to exclude jurors based on what?
- Race (Correct answer)
- Occupation
- Prior jury service
- Age
Correct answer: Race
Batson v. Kentucky (1986) held that race-based peremptory strikes violate the Equal Protection Clause.
Question 2: Which theory explains white-collar crime as resulting from pressure to achieve goals combined with rationalizations and opportunity?
- Social disorganization theory
- The fraud triangle (Correct answer)
- Labeling theory
- Routine activities theory
Correct answer: The fraud triangle
The fraud triangle identifies pressure, opportunity, and rationalization as the three elements enabling occupational fraud.
Question 3: In a Terry stop, an officer may conduct a pat-down of a suspect's outer clothing only when the officer reasonably suspects the person is what?
- Guilty of a felony
- Violating a traffic law
- Carrying contraband of any kind
- Armed and dangerous (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Armed and dangerous
Terry v. Ohio permits a limited frisk for weapons only when the officer reasonably believes the suspect is armed and dangerous.
Question 4: The federal Sentencing Guidelines became advisory rather than mandatory after which Supreme Court decision?
- Apprendi v. New Jersey
- Ring v. Arizona
- United States v. Booker (Correct answer)
- Blakely v. Washington
Correct answer: United States v. Booker
United States v. Booker (2005) held that mandatory guidelines violated the Sixth Amendment and rendered them advisory.
Question 5: Which term describes the return of formerly incarcerated individuals to the community, including programs that ease that transition?
- Rendition
- Remand
- Recidivism
- Reentry (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Reentry
Reentry refers to the transition from incarceration back into the community, supported by housing, employment, and treatment programs.
Question 6: A defense attorney who knowingly allows a client to present perjured testimony most directly violates duties owed to whom?
- The court (Correct answer)
- The prosecutor
- The victim
- The jury consultant
Correct answer: The court
Attorneys owe a duty of candor to the tribunal, which prohibits knowingly presenting false evidence even for a client.
Question 7: Intelligence-led policing primarily emphasizes what approach to crime control?
- Using data analysis and criminal intelligence to guide resource deployment (Correct answer)
- Responding to all calls for service equally
- Replacing officers with private security
- Maximizing random preventive patrol coverage
Correct answer: Using data analysis and criminal intelligence to guide resource deployment
Intelligence-led policing uses analyzed crime data and intelligence to target prolific offenders and allocate resources strategically.
Criminal Justice Advanced Topics 4
Under Batson v.
Kentucky, a prosecutor may not use peremptory challenges to exclude jurors based on what?