Foundational Scientific Disciplines Flashcards

Wolff's Law states that bone adapts its structure in response to:

Answer: Mechanical loads placed upon it

Wolff's Law describes bone's functional adaptation — increased mechanical loading stimulates remodeling and increased bone density along lines of stress.

Which energy system provides the majority of ATP during a 400-meter sprint lasting approximately 45–55 seconds?

Answer: Glycolytic and phosphocreatine systems combined

A 400-meter sprint relies predominantly on fast glycolysis and residual PCr stores, with growing oxidative contribution as duration exceeds 30 seconds.

Which principle of physics explains why a diver tucking into a tight ball rotates faster than when extended?

Answer: Conservation of angular momentum

Conservation of angular momentum (L = Iω) dictates that reducing moment of inertia by tucking must increase angular velocity to keep angular momentum constant.

The term 'effect size' in sport science research primarily quantifies:

Answer: Practical magnitude of a difference or relationship

Effect size (e.g., Cohen's d, eta-squared) measures the practical or theoretical magnitude of an effect, independent of sample size or statistical significance.

Which hormone has the greatest acute anabolic effect following resistance exercise?

Answer: Testosterone

Testosterone shows the most robust acute elevation post-resistance exercise and directly stimulates muscle protein synthesis and satellite cell activation.

In biomechanical analysis, ground reaction force (GRF) is best described as:

Answer: Newton's reaction to the force exerted on the ground by the athlete

By Newton's third law, GRF is the equal and opposite force the ground exerts on the athlete in response to the force the athlete applies to the ground.

Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves?

Answer: Frontal (coronal) plane

The frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections and is the plane in which lateral movements like jumping jacks occur.