Foundations of Exercise Science Flashcards

Which bone remodeling cell is responsible for bone resorption?

Answer: Osteoclast

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that break down bone matrix by secreting acids and proteolytic enzymes during remodeling.

During high-intensity interval training, the primary reason for reduced power output in later intervals is:

Answer: Accumulation of inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ions impairing cross-bridge cycling

Fatigue during HIIT is largely attributed to accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and H+ ions, which impair myosin ATPase activity and calcium release.

The Wingate anaerobic test measures peak and mean power using which mode of exercise?

Answer: Stationary cycle ergometer sprint against a fixed resistance

The Wingate test is a 30-second all-out cycle ergometer sprint with a standardized resistance (typically 7.5% body mass) used to assess anaerobic peak and mean power.

Which of the following best describes Type IIa muscle fibers compared to Type IIx?

Answer: Type IIa have higher oxidative capacity and are more fatigue resistant

Type IIa fibers are fast-twitch but have moderate oxidative capacity, making them more fatigue-resistant than Type IIx (pure fast-twitch, glycolytic) fibers.

An athlete's VO2max is best described as:

Answer: The maximum rate at which the body can consume oxygen during incremental exercise

VO2max is the highest rate of oxygen uptake achievable during maximal aerobic exercise and represents the ceiling of the aerobic energy system.

During the first 10 seconds of maximal sprint exercise, which energy system provides the majority of ATP?

Answer: Phosphocreatine (PCr) hydrolysis

The phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system provides rapid ATP resynthesis during the first 6–10 seconds of all-out effort before glycolysis becomes dominant.

Which of the following hormones has a primary anabolic role in skeletal muscle following resistance training?

Answer: Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

IGF-1 stimulates satellite cell proliferation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, making it a key mediator of exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy.