CAOP Drug Information and Literature Evaluation 2

Question 1

A study reports a p-value of 0.03. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

There is a 3% chance of observing the results by chance if the null hypothesis is true

Answer

A p-value of 0.03 means there is a 3% probability of observing results at least this extreme if the null hypothesis were true.

Question 2

Which bias occurs when sicker patients are more likely to receive the intervention being studied?

Accepted Answer

Confounding by indication

Answer

Confounding by indication occurs when the reason for prescribing a drug is also associated with the outcome, distorting the apparent treatment effect.

Question 3

What is the number needed to treat (NNT) if the absolute risk reduction is 5%?

Accepted Answer

20

Answer

NNT = 1 ÷ ARR = 1 ÷ 0.05 = 20, meaning 20 patients must be treated to prevent one additional adverse event.

Question 4

Which secondary drug information source indexes biomedical literature and helps locate primary studies?

Accepted Answer

MEDLINE (PubMed)

Answer

MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed) is a bibliographic database that indexes primary biomedical literature and is classified as a secondary resource.

Question 5

When critically evaluating a clinical trial, which element best assesses internal validity?

Accepted Answer

Sample size calculation and randomization method

Answer

Proper randomization and an a priori sample size calculation are fundamental to reducing bias and ensuring the study's internal validity.

CAOP - Competency Assessment of Overseas Pharmacist Practice Test

CAOP - Competency Assessment of Overseas Pharmacist Practice Test

CAOP Drug Information and Literature Evaluation 2