Border Patrol Agent Practice Test 1 — Questions and Answers
Question 1: Crimes are frequently classified as either malum in se-inherently evil-or malum prohibitum-criminal because they have been declared as so by a legislature. The former is exemplified by murder. The failure to file a tax return is an example of the latter. Although some jurisdictions still distinguish between crimes of malum in se and crimes of malum prohibitum, others do not.
- Some jurisdictions still distinguish between crimes malum in se and malum prohibitum (Correct answer)
- Many jurisdictions no longer distinguish between crimes malum in se and malum prohibitum
- Sometimes failing to file a tax return is characterized as malum in se.
- Some crimes characterized as malum in se are not inherently evil.
- Some crimes characterized as malum prohibitum are not declared by legislature to be an offense.
Correct answer: Some jurisdictions still distinguish between crimes malum in se and malum prohibitum
The passage explicitly states, 'Although some jurisdictions still distinguish between crimes of malum in se and crimes of malum prohibitum, others do not.' This sentence directly confirms that some jurisdictions continue to make this distinction, making option A the correct inference from the text.
Question 2: A trucking company can act as a common carrier-for contract to the common open at distributed rates. As a common carrier, it is obligated for any cargo damage, unless the company can show that it was not negligent. On the off chance that the company can illustrate that it was not negligent, at that point it is not liable for cargo damage. In contrast, a contract carrier (a trucking company contracted by a shipper beneath a particular contract) is as it were dependable for cargo damage as spelled out within the contract. A Claus Inc. tractor-trailer, acting beneath common carrier specialist, was in a 5-vehicle accident that damages its cargo. A Nichols Inc. tractor-trailer, acting under contract carrier authority, was included within the same accident and its cargo were also damaged.
- If Nichols Inc. can show that it is not negligent, the it is not liable.
- If Claus Inc. is liable, then it can show that it was not negligent.
- If Claus Inc. cannot show that it was not negligent, then it is not liable.
- If Claus Inc. can show that it was not negligent, then it is negligent. (Correct answer)
- If Nichols Inc is liable, then it cannot show that it is negligent.
Correct answer: If Claus Inc. can show that it was not negligent, then it is negligent.
The passage states that a common carrier, like Claus Inc., is not liable for cargo damage if it can show that it was not negligent. Option D, 'If Claus Inc. can show that it was not negligent, then it is negligent,' directly contradicts this information. If Claus Inc. proves non-negligence, it is by definition not negligent and thus not liable, making the statement in option D logically false according to the provided text.
Question 3: A Quickly changing technical environment is advancing greater dependence on electronic mail (mail) systems. As this utilization develops, there's expanding conflict between the users? desires of security and public access rights. In a few examinations, get to all mail, counting those messages put away in authentic records and messages exterior the scope of the examination, has been looked for and allowed. In show disdain toward this, a few people send messages through email that would never be said face-to-face or written formally.
- Some messages that people would never say face-to-face are sent in e-mail messages.
- Some e-mail messages contain information that would be omitted from formal writing.
- Some e-mail messages that have been requested as part of investigations have contained messages that would never be said face-to-face. (Correct answer)
- E-mail messages have not been exempted from investigations.
- Some e-mail messages have been requested as part of investigations.
Correct answer: Some e-mail messages that have been requested as part of investigations have contained messages that would never be said face-to-face.
The passage indicates that access to email has been granted in investigations, and that people send messages via email they would never say face-to-face. Combining these two facts, it logically follows that some of the e-mail messages requested and accessed during investigations would contain content that individuals would not express in person. Option C directly synthesizes these two pieces of information.
Question 4: Phyllis T. could be a former Government representative who was entitled to benefits beneath the Government Employee Compensation Act since of job-related, impairing harm. When an eligible Government employee has such harm, the advantage is decided by this test: in case the recipient is hitched or has dependents, benefits are 3/4 of the people's compensation at the time of the harm; something else, benefits are set at 2/3 of the compensation. Phillis T.'s benefits were 2/3 of her compensation when she was injured.
- was not married and had no dependents. (Correct answer)
- Was married but without dependents.
- was not married nut had dependents.
- Was not married but had dependents.
Correct answer: was not married and had no dependents.
The passage clearly defines the benefit structure: 2/3 of compensation is given if the recipient is neither married nor has dependents. Since Phyllis T.'s benefits were 2/3 of her compensation, she must fall into this category. Therefore, she was not married and had no dependents.
Question 5: A few 480,000 immigrants were living in a certain nation in 1999. In spite of the fact that most of these immigrants were not utilized in proficient occupations, numerous of them were. For instance, numerous of them were engineers, and numerous of them were nurses. Exceptionally few of these workers were curators, another professional occupation.
- It is not the case that some of the nurses were immigrants
- None of the engineers were immigrants.
- Most immigrants were either engineers or nurses.
- Some of these engineers were immigrants. (Correct answer)
- Most of those not employed in professional occupations were immigrants.
Correct answer: Some of these engineers were immigrants.
The passage explicitly states that 'many of them [immigrants] were engineers.' This directly supports the conclusion that some of the engineers mentioned were indeed immigrants. Option D is a direct restatement of this fact, confirming a subset relationship.
Question 6: Impressions made by the ridges on wants of the fingers and thumbs are valuable implies of identification, since no two people have the same design of ridges. In case finger patterns from fingerprints are not decipherable, then they cannot be classified by common shape and form or by design sort. In case they cannot be classified by these characteristics, at that point, it is incomprehensible to recognize the individual to whom the fingerprints belong.
- If fingerprints are decipherable, then it is impossible to identify the person to whom they belong. (Correct answer)
- If it is possible to identify the person to whom fingerprints belong, then the fingerprint is decipherable.
- If its is impossible to identify the person to whom fingerprints belong, then the fingerprints can be classified by general shape and contour or pattern type.
- If finger patterns from fingerprints are not decipherable, then it is impopssible to identify the person to whom the fingerprints belong.
- If fingerprints can be classified by general shape and contour or by pattern type, then they are decipherable.
Correct answer: If fingerprints are decipherable, then it is impossible to identify the person to whom they belong.
The passage establishes a logical chain: If fingerprints are not decipherable, they cannot be classified. If they cannot be classified, it is impossible to identify the person. Therefore, if fingerprints are not decipherable, it is impossible to identify the person. Option A, 'If fingerprints are decipherable, then it is impossible to identify the person to whom they belong,' directly contradicts the premise that decipherable fingerprints are valuable for identification and would allow for identification.
Question 7: Explosives are substances or gadgets able of creating a volume of quickly extending gases that apply a sudden weight on their environment. Chemical explosives are the most commonly utilized, even though there are mechanical and atomic explosives. All mechanical explosives are devices in which physical response is created, such as that caused by overloading a holder with compressed air. Whereas atomic explosives are by distant the most powerful, all atomic explosives have been limited to military weapons.
- No mechanical explosives are devices in which a physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a container with compressed air.
- Some devices in which a physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a container with compressed air, are mechanical explosives. (Correct answer)
- All explosives that have been restricted to military weapons are nuclear explosives.
- Some nuclear explosives have not been restricted to military weapons.
- All mechanical explosives have been restricted to military weapons.
Correct answer: Some devices in which a physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a container with compressed air, are mechanical explosives.
The passage states, 'All mechanical explosives are devices in which physical reaction is produced, such as that caused by overloading a holder with compressed air.' This means that the category of mechanical explosives is entirely contained within the category of devices producing a physical reaction. Therefore, it is true that some of these devices are mechanical explosives, as stated in option B.
Question 8: The alphanumeric coding of a fingerprint may be an efficient depiction of the print. Within a certain metropolitan area, 90% of the populace have fingerprints that can be alphanumerically coded.
- Can be alphanumerically coded, with a probability of less than 90%.
- Cannot be alphanumerically coded, with probability of 10%. (Correct answer)
- Can be alphanumerically coded, with a probability of 10%
- may be coded alphanumerically, but the probability is unknown.
- Cannot be alphanumerically coded, with a probability of up to 90%E
Correct answer: Cannot be alphanumerically coded, with probability of 10%.
The passage states that 90% of the population's fingerprints can be alphanumerically coded. Since percentages must sum to 100%, the remaining portion must represent those whose fingerprints cannot be coded. Therefore, 100% - 90% = 10% of the population's fingerprints cannot be alphanumerically coded.
Question 9: Twenty-five percent of the nation's approaching cargo holders are dispatched to the harbor of Cary, and 10% are transported to the harbor of Davidson. Merchandise that arrives at these ports in containers is dispatched by truck and rail to its last destination within the United States. Cary is one of the greatest targets for cargo thieves due to the huge volume of merchandise dispatched there.
- There is 75% chance that the container was shipped to the port of Davidson.
- There is a 75% chance that the container was not shipped to the port of Cary. (Correct answer)
- There is 90% chance that the container was shipped to the port of Cary.
- There is 25% chance that the container was shipped to the port of Davidson.
- There is 25% chance that the container was not shipped to the port of Davidson.
Correct answer: There is a 75% chance that the container was not shipped to the port of Cary.
The passage states that 25% of the nation's incoming cargo containers are dispatched to the harbor of Cary. If 25% are shipped to Cary, then the remaining percentage of containers are not shipped there. This means 100% - 25% = 75% of containers are not shipped to the port of Cary.
Question 10: In spite of the reality that HIV isn't effortlessly transmitted, its dangerous potential requires that law enforcement officers ensure themselves from getting to be tainted by it. At the Callen Precinct, officers utilize as were disposable items for collecting prove at whatever point blood is shown. Whereas examining a specific wrongdoing scene where blood was present, Detective R.C. of the Callen Precinct utilized as it were disposable things for collecting evidence.
- Some officers at the Callen Precinct do not use disposable items exclusively whenever blood is present.
- Detective R.C. does not always use disposable items when blood is present.
- Whenever blood is not present, Detective R.C. does not use disposable items.
- Detective R.C. uses only disposable items whenever blood is not present.
- No officers at the Callen Precinct do not use disposable items whenever blood is present. (Correct answer)
Correct answer: No officers at the Callen Precinct do not use disposable items whenever blood is present.
The passage explicitly states, 'At the Callen Precinct, officers utilize as were disposable items for collecting prove at whatever point blood is shown.' This means that every officer at the Callen Precinct adheres to this rule. Option E, 'No officers at the Callen Precinct do not use disposable items whenever blood is present,' is a double negative that correctly rephrases this universal adherence to the policy.
Question 11: The staff at the law enforcement training academy spends $32 on badges for all of the academy's graduates. The most recent class of officers graduated with 25 new officers. What is the total amount of money that the academy personnel will spend on badges for these new officers, assuming that the badges seller offers a 20% discount on each badge?
- $790
- $16
- $800
- $640 (Correct answer)
- None of these
Correct answer: $640
First, calculate the discounted price per badge: $32.00 - (20% of $32.00) = $32.00 - $6.40 = $25.60. Then, multiply the discounted price by the number of officers: $25.60 per badge * 25 officers = $640.00. This is the total amount the academy will spend.
Question 12: A container inspected by an officer had a gross weight of 108 pounds of items in it. The officer was required by policy to convert this weight into kilograms. If the conversion formula is 1.8 pounds per kilogram, what was the gross weight of the container load in kilograms (rounded to the closest tenth)?
- 166.6
- 194.0
- 45.0
- 60.0 (Correct answer)
- None of these
Correct answer: 60.0
The word 'principal' refers to a chief person or a sum of money. The sentence discusses fundamental truths or rules that apply to dog training methods. The correct word for this meaning is 'principles,' which is the plural form of the noun referring to a fundamental truth or belief. Therefore, 'principal' should be changed to 'principles'.
Question 13: In a large mail container, an Agriculture Specialist and her dog discovered 1,500 items wrapped in plain brown paper. The officer discovered that some of the packages had valid CBP stickers while others had illegal stickers from another country when they were inspected. The ratio of legal to illegal stickers was 2:3. How many packages have illegal stickers?
- 900 (Correct answer)
- 1,000
- 500
- 600
- None of these
Correct answer: 900
The original sentence, 'It is important to include all dates, times, names, and quotes associated with the case in a report on a drug smuggling incident for future reference,' is grammatically correct as written. However, assuming there was an intended error in the original question not fully reflected in the prompt, the correction 'change from to with' would be appropriate if the sentence had incorrectly used 'associated from the case.' Information is typically 'associated with' a case.
Question 14: Supervisor John understands how important it is for his CBP Agriculture Specialist to understand each of the fundamental principal that apply to all dog training methods.
- Change each to each and every one
- change knows that to know which
- No correction is necessary
- Change principal to principles (Correct answer)
Correct answer: Change principal to principles
Assuming the 'a' before 'new CBP Officers' in option B is a typographical error, this sentence is the most grammatically correct and concise. It uses 'The impact of this training requirement' which is more direct than 'The impact that this training requirement has,' and correctly uses 'who' to refer to people, unlike options C and D which use 'which'.
Question 15: It is important to include all dates, times, names, and quotes associated with the case in a report on a drug smuggling incident for future reference.
- No correction is necessary
- change on to round
- change incident to incedent
- change from to with (Correct answer)
Correct answer: change from to with
The passage explicitly states, 'All teams must be available to travel to any duty station in the sector.' Option E, 'None of the teams are exempt from traveling to any duty location within the sector,' is a direct and accurate rephrasing of this universal requirement. It confirms that no team is excluded from the travel obligation.
Question 16: Choose one sentence that is correct in grammar, syntax, punctuation, and spelling, and that demonstrates official letter or report usage.
- the impact that this training requirement has will be measured by the number of new CBP Officers who successfully complete the probationary period.
- The impact of this training requirement will be measured by the number of a new CBP Officers who successfully complete the probationary period. (Correct answer)
- The impact that this training requirement has will be measured by the number of new CBP Officers which successfully complete the probationary period.
- The impact of this training requirement will be measured by the number of new CBP Officers which successfully complete the probationary period.
Correct answer: The impact of this training requirement will be measured by the number of a new CBP Officers who successfully complete the probationary period.
The passage establishes a conditional chain: If it's a holiday weekend (HW), then additional staff are assigned (AS). If additional staff are assigned (AS), then special funding is needed (SF). This implies: If HW, then SF. Option A, 'If special funding is not needed from the city council, then it is not a holiday weekend,' is the contrapositive of this derived implication (NOT SF -> NOT HW), making it a valid logical conclusion.
Question 17: Officer Daven is in charge of his sector's canine teams. In his sector, fifteen canine teams are stationed. The majority of the canine teams are stationed along the border. Several canine teams are stationed in large urban areas far from the border. All teams must be available to travel to any duty station in the sector.
- Only teams located along the border must be available to travel to any duty station within the sector.
- Most of the canine teams are located away from the border large urban areas.
- Few of the canine teams are located at stations along the border.
- teams in urban areas do not need to be available to travel to other duty stations within the sector.
- None of the teams are exempt from traveling to any duty location within the sector. (Correct answer)
Correct answer: None of the teams are exempt from traveling to any duty location within the sector.
The passage states, 'All Vietnamese nationals... who were paroled... were entitled to petition for permanent residence status.' This means that if someone was a Vietnamese national paroled through the ODP, they were eligible. Option A, 'No one ineligible to apply for permanent resident status was a national Vietnam who was paroled into the United States through the Orderly Departure Program,' is the contrapositive of this statement. If all V are E, then no non-E are V, which is a valid logical conclusion.
Question 18: The Chief of Police tries to offer excellent service to the community while maximizing the use of resources. As a result, when allocating resources, the Chief must consider various aspects. When a holiday weekend occurs, For example, additional staff are assigned to duty. However, if additional personnel are assigned to duty, they need special funding from the city council.
- If special funding is not needed from the city council, then it is not a holiday weekend. (Correct answer)
- If it is a holiday, the special funding is not needed from the city council.
- If it is a holiday weekend, the special funding is needed from the city council.
- If special funding is not needed from the city council, then it is a holiday weekend.
- If special funding is needed from the city council, then it is a holiday weekend.
Correct answer: If special funding is not needed from the city council, then it is not a holiday weekend.
The passage states, 'None of the illegal workers were from Honduras.' This means that if a worker is from Honduras, they cannot be illegal. Therefore, all employees from Honduras must be working legally. Option B directly reflects this logical deduction.
Question 19: Following the Vietnam War, many people from Southeast Asia were granted indefinite immigration status in the United States. In 2003, a new rule was created to allow some of these persons to modify their immigration status. All Vietnamese nationals (and certain others, such as Cambodians) who were paroled into the United States through the Orderly Departure Program were entitled to petition for permanent residence status under the new rule.
- No one ineligible to apply for permanent resident status was a national Vietnam who was paroled into the United States through the Orderly Departure Program. (Correct answer)
- Everyone eligible to apply for permanent resident status is a national of Vietnam who was paroled into the United States through the Orderly Departure Program.
- some of those who were ineligible ro apply for permanent resident status were national of Vietnam who were paroled into the United States through the Orderly Departure Program.
- Only nations of Vietnam who were paroled in the United States through the Orderly Departure Program were eligible to apply for permanent resident status.
- Some national of Vietnam who were paroled into the United States through the Orderly Departure Program were ineligible to apply for permanent resident status.
Correct answer: No one ineligible to apply for permanent resident status was a national Vietnam who was paroled into the United States through the Orderly Departure Program.
The passage states that all state peace officers have the authority to issue tickets, and all sector canine handlers are state peace officers. This means all canine handlers have the authority. However, the passage does not state that *only* canine handlers have this authority. Other state peace officers, who are not canine handlers, would also possess this authority, making option C an unsupported and therefore invalid conclusion.
Question 20: Officers discovered that many of the farm's employees were not permitted to work in the United States, despite the owner of the farm claiming that all of her Central American (for example, Salvadoran and Honduran) workers were working legally. Officers discovered that all of the female employees were working legally in the United States and that none of the illegal workers were from Honduras after checking their documentation.
- Some of the women were illegal workers.
- All of the employees from Honduras were working legally (Correct answer)
- All of the Salvadoran employees were women.
- None of the employees from Honduras were female.
- Some of the female employees were from Honduras.
Correct answer: All of the employees from Honduras were working legally
The passage states: 'If the illegal alien's departure is voluntary, the passport is allowed to be returned to the alien.' This means a voluntary departure *enables* the passport return. Option B, 'H.B.'s departure is not voluntary if H.B.'s passport is allowed to be returned to H.B.,' suggests that if the passport is returned, the departure is *not* voluntary. This directly contradicts the condition set in the passage, making it an invalid conclusion.
Question 21: All state peace officers in one border state have the ability to issue state tickets for marijuana and paraphernalia offenses committed in their presence. A specific CBP sector in the state initiated a new operation with state police early last year. All sector canine handlers were cross-designated as state peace officers as part of this operation. It CANNOT be validly concluded from the above information that in the border state stated above,
- All sector canine handlers have the authority to issue state citations for misdemeanor marijuana and paraphernalia offenses committed in their presence.
- at least some law enforcement officers who can issue citations for misdemeanor marijuana and paraphernalia offenses committed in their presence are state peace officers.
- Only sector canine handlers have the authority to issue citations for misdemeanor marijuana and paraphernalia offenses committed in their presence. (Correct answer)
- At least some individuals who have the authority to issue citations for misdemeanor marijuana and paraphernalia offenses committed in their presence are sector canine handlers.
- No sector canine handlers lack the authority to issue state citations for misdemeanor marijuana and paraphernalia offenses committees in their presence.
Correct answer: Only sector canine handlers have the authority to issue citations for misdemeanor marijuana and paraphernalia offenses committed in their presence.
The passage states, 'All of the unregistered vehicles contained bundles of marijuana.' This implies that if a vehicle did *not* contain bundles of marijuana, then it *cannot* have been unregistered. Option E, 'all of the vehicles that did not contain bundles of marijuana were unregistered,' directly contradicts this logical inference, making it a statement that cannot be validly concluded.
Question 22: When an illegal alien is being "removed" the alien's passport in U.S. Government possession is returned to the issuing government, not to the illegal alien. If the illegal alien's departure is voluntary, the passport is allowed to be returned to the alien. The U.S. Government holds the passport of H.B., an illegal alien who must leave the country. It CANNOT be validly concluded from the above information that
- H.B.'s departure is not voluntary unless the passport is allowed to be returned to H.B.
- H.B.'s departure is not voluntary if H.B.'s passport is allowed to be returned to H.B. (Correct answer)
- if H.B.'s passport is not returned to the issuing government upon H.B.'s departure, then H.B. is not being removed.
- if H.B. is being removed, then H.B.'s passport is to be returned to the issuing government
- if H.B.'s passport is not allowed to be returned to H.B., then H.B.'s departure is not voluntary.
Correct answer: H.B.'s departure is not voluntary if H.B.'s passport is allowed to be returned to H.B.
The passage explicitly states, 'When officers must physically force entry into a home, they are required to ensure that the home is in a secure condition when they leave.' Option E, 'if Officer Stoler must physically force entry into the home, the Officer Stoler is not required to ensure that the home is secure upon leaving,' directly contradicts this mandatory requirement. Therefore, this statement cannot be validly concluded from the information provided.
Question 23: Recently, officers received leads from informants about possible illegal activity at La Rosita Park. When officers arrived at the park, they drove through the parking lots, looking for individual and vehicles matching their leads. The officers examined several suspicious vehicles, including many unregistered vehicles. All of the unregistered vehicles contained bundles of marijuana. No arrest have been made in connection with this incident. It CANNOT be validly concluded from the above information that
- some of the vehicles that did not contain bundles of marijuana were unregistered
- several arrest have been made in connection with this incident.
- some of the vehicles that contained bundles of marijuana were unregistered
- all of the vehicles that contained bundles of marijuana were unregistered
- all of the vehicles that did not contain bundles of marijuana were unregistered (Correct answer)
Correct answer: all of the vehicles that did not contain bundles of marijuana were unregistered
The passage states that green cards have a ten-year expiration period. However, it only discusses green cards and does not provide any information about other types of work authorization documents. Therefore, concluding that green cards are the *only* documents with this specific expiration period is an unsupported generalization and cannot be validly concluded from the given text.
Question 24: When officers must physically force entry into a home, they are required to ensure that the home is in a secure condition when they leave. Failure to secure the home leaves the officers liable for loss of items from the home and/or damage to the home taht results from leaving the property unsecured. It is legal to break down door in order to gain entry, if that degree of force is determined by an officer to be necessary. If an officer force entry, the officer is required to take measures to minimize damage to the property. Officer Stoler need to gain entry into a suspect's home. It can be validly concluded from the above information that
- if Officer Stoler is not required to ensure that the home is secure upon leaving, then Officer Stoler did not force entry into the home
- Officer Stoler is required to minimize damage to the home if Officer Stoler forces entry
- Officer Stoler will be required to secure the home unless Officer Stoler does not force entry
- if Officer Stoler forces entry and fails to secure the home, Officer Stoler may be liable for loss of items resulting from leaving the home unsecured
- if Officer Stoler must physically force entry into the home, the Officer Stoler is not required to ensure that the home is secure upon leaving (Correct answer)
Correct answer: if Officer Stoler must physically force entry into the home, the Officer Stoler is not required to ensure that the home is secure upon leaving
The description 'gathering data on everything and making sure that mechanisms are in place to provide visibility into all systems' directly aligns with the DevOps value of Measurement. This value emphasizes the importance of collecting metrics, monitoring performance, and gaining insights from data to understand and improve processes and systems. It's about making informed decisions based on observable facts.
Question 25: Green cards authorize aliens to work in the United States. the cards have a ten-year expiration period. Application for a renewal of a green card can be made up to six months in advance of expiration. To apply for renewal of a green card, the applicant is required to apply in person and bring his or her current green card, application fee, and new photos. It may take one year for applicants to receive new green cards, but temporary documents are provided. It CANNOT be validly concluded from the above information that
- green cards are the only work authorization documents that expires after 10 years (Correct answer)
- it is not the case that some green cards never expire
- an application that does not require the applicant to apply in person cannot be renewal application for a green card
- some renewed green cards are not available in less than one year
- application for a replacement green card cannot be made more than six months in advance of expiration
Correct answer: green cards are the only work authorization documents that expires after 10 years
Correct Answer A This question is a negative lead question, so the correct response is the only response option that CANNOT be validly concluded. Response A in invalid because it assumes from the information that all green cards are authorization documents that expire after 10 years that green cards are the ONLY work authorization documents that expire after 10 years. The fourth sentence states that all green card applicants must apply in person; therefore, an application that does not require applicants to apply in person cannot be a green card application, Response C. Response D is valid and is based on the information in the third sentence. The second sentence establishes that green cards have an expiration date, so Response B is valid. The last sentence says that sometimes it takes a year to receive a new green card, So Response D is valid.
Border Patrol Agent Practice Test 1
Crimes are frequently classified as either malum in se-inherently evil-or malum prohibitum-criminal because they have been declared as so by a legislature.
The former is exemplified by murder.
The failure to file a tax return is an example of the latter.
Although some jurisdictions still distinguish between crimes
of malum in se and crimes of malum prohibitum, others do not.